Drug Information
| Drug General Information | Top | |||
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| Drug ID |
D02ZTJ
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| Former ID |
DAP000153
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| Drug Name |
Sulfasalazine
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| Synonyms |
sulfasalazine; 599-79-1; Salicylazosulfapyridine; Salazosulfapyridine; Azulfidine; Asulfidine; Salazopyridin; Sulcolon; Azopyrin; Accucol; Colo-Pleon; Salazopiridazin; Salisulf; Reupirin; Benzosulfa; Azopyrine; Salazosulfapyridin; Sulfasalazina; w-t Sasp oral; Sulfasalazinum; Sulfasalazin; Azulfidine EN; Sulfazalazine; Azulfidine EN-tabs; Salazosulfapiridina; Sas-500; Salazosulfapyridinum; Azosulfidin; SASP; Salazo-sulfapyridinum; 5-(p-(2-Pyridylsulfamyl)phenylazo)salicylic acid; SAS-500; Sulfasalizine
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| Drug Type |
Small molecular drug
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| Indication | Irritable bowel syndrome [ICD-11: DD91.0; ICD-10: K55-K64, K58; ICD-9: 564.1, 787.91] | Approved | [1], [2] | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis [ICD-11: FA20] | Approved | [3], [4] | ||
| Therapeutic Class |
Antiinflammatory Agents
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| Company |
Watson Laboratories
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| Structure |
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Download2D MOL |
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| Formula |
C18H14N4O5S
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| Canonical SMILES |
C1=CC=NC(=C1)NS(=O)(=O)C2=CC=C(C=C2)N=NC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)C(=O)O
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| InChI |
1S/C18H14N4O5S/c23-16-9-6-13(11-15(16)18(24)25)21-20-12-4-7-14(8-5-12)28(26,27)22-17-3-1-2-10-19-17/h1-11,23H,(H,19,22)(H,24,25)
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| InChIKey |
NCEXYHBECQHGNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| CAS Number |
CAS 599-79-1
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| PubChem Compound ID | ||||
| PubChem Substance ID |
9524, 452205, 7847514, 7890377, 10321791, 11112423, 17389737, 26747277, 26747278, 39383787, 46391376, 46505451, 48414442, 48416584, 48424062, 48425604, 49698537, 50105482, 50105483, 53789773, 57361929, 78341122, 85147460, 85164696, 85174423, 85787939, 87560165, 92125445, 93166319, 103914276, 103994509, 104134816, 114147521, 117607242, 124890162, 124890163, 134337474, 134339436, 134976371, 135692179, 139618183, 144204588, 144208437, 144210859, 160964137, 164788662, 170464716, 172386498, 175267319, 179038496
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| ChEBI ID |
CHEBI:9334
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| ADReCS Drug ID | BADD_D02093 | |||
| SuperDrug ATC ID |
A07EC01
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| SuperDrug CAS ID |
cas=000599791
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| Interaction between the Drug and Microbe | Top | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Metabolism of Drug Affected by Studied Microbe(s) | ||||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Bacteroidales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Alistipes
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[5] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Microbial Enzyme | Azoreductase | |||
| Metabolic Reaction | Azo bond reduction | |||
| Resulting Metabolite | Sulfapyridine; 5-aminosalicylate | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Increase activity | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized to Sulfapyridine and 5-aminosalicylate by the azoreductase of Alistipes through azo bond reduction, which results in the increase of the drug's activity. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Alistipes indistinctus DSM22520
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Alistipes indistinctus DSM22520 (log2FC = -9.01; p = 0.003). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides caccae ATCC 43185
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides caccae ATCC 43185 (log2FC = -9.247; p = 0.008). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides cellulosilyticus DSM 14838
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides cellulosilyticus DSM 14838 (log2FC = -1.502; p = 0.002). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides dorei DSM 17855
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides dorei DSM 17855 (log2FC = -4.631; p = 0.013). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides eggerthii DSM20697
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides eggerthii DSM20697 (log2FC = -9.59; p = 0.002). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides finegoldii DSM17565
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides finegoldii DSM17565 (log2FC = -0.79; p = 0.042). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides fragilis ATCC43859
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides fragilis ATCC43859 (log2FC = -10.576; p = 0.003). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides fragilis HMW 610
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides fragilis HMW 610 (log2FC = -10.522; p = 0.004). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides fragilis HMW 615
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides fragilis HMW 615 (log2FC = -10.398; p = 0.013). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343 (log2FC = -6.184; p = 0.006). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides fragilis str. 3397 T10
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides fragilis str. 3397 T10 (log2FC = -0.974; p = 0.009). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides fragilis str. 3986 T(B)9
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides fragilis str. 3986 T(B)9 (log2FC = -9.252; p = 0.005). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides fragilis str. DS-208
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides fragilis str. DS-208 (log2FC = -9.327; p = 0.006). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides intestinalis DSM 17393
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides intestinalis DSM 17393 (log2FC = -1.296; p = 0.005). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides sp.
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[7] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides sp.. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 3731
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 3731 (log2FC = -1.303; p = 0.005). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 7330
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 7330 (log2FC = -1.032; p = 0.003). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron VPI-5482
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron VPI-5482 (log2FC = -1.252; p = 0.006). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides uniformis ATCC 8492
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides uniformis ATCC 8492 (log2FC = -2.605; p = 0.001). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC 8482
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC 8482 (log2FC = -9.242; p = 0.01). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides WH2
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides WH2 (log2FC = -0.751; p = 0.034). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides xylanisolvens DSM18836
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bacteroides xylanisolvens DSM18836 (log2FC = -9.663; p = 0.002). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Odoribacter splanchnicus
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Odoribacter splanchnicus (log2FC = -7.892; p = 0.004). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Parabacteroides distasonis ATCC 8503
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Parabacteroides distasonis ATCC 8503 (log2FC = -1.007; p = 0.022). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Parabacteroides merdae ATCC 43184
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Parabacteroides merdae ATCC 43184 (log2FC = -0.749; p = 0.006). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Pretovella copri DSM 18205
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Pretovella copri DSM 18205 (log2FC = -8.693; p = 0.015). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Prevotella
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[5] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Microbial Enzyme | Azoreductase | |||
| Metabolic Reaction | Azo bond reduction | |||
| Resulting Metabolite | Sulfapyridine; 5-aminosalicylate | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Increase activity | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized to Sulfapyridine and 5-aminosalicylate by the azoreductase of Prevotella through azo bond reduction, which results in the increase of the drug's activity. | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Bifidobacteriales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC 15703
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC 15703 (log2FC = -0.7; p = 0.014). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bifidobacterium breve DSM 20213
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bifidobacterium breve DSM 20213 (log2FC = -9.241; p = 0.008). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bifidobacterium longum subsp. Infantis CCUG52486
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bifidobacterium longum subsp. Infantis CCUG52486 (log2FC = -1.585; p = 0.001). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bifidobacterium ruminantium
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Bifidobacterium ruminantium (log2FC = -1.08; p = 0.003). | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Coriobacteriales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Collinsella aerofaciens ATCC25986
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Collinsella aerofaciens ATCC25986 (log2FC = -6.629; p = 0.046). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Collinsella intestinalis DSM 13280
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Collinsella intestinalis DSM 13280 (log2FC = -8.916; p = 0.003). | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Eggerthellales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Eggerthella lenta ATCC 25559
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Eggerthella lenta ATCC 25559 (log2FC = -0.435; p = 0.038). | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Enterobacterales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Escherichia coli
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[5] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Microbial Enzyme | Azoreductase | |||
| Metabolic Reaction | Azo bond reduction | |||
| Resulting Metabolite | Sulfapyridine; 5-aminosalicylate | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Increase activity | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized to Sulfapyridine and 5-aminosalicylate by the azoreductase of Escherichia coli through azo bond reduction, which results in the increase of the drug's activity. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Escherichia coli BW25113
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Escherichia coli BW25113 (log2FC = -0.714; p = 0.038). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Proteus penneri ATCC 35198
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Proteus penneri ATCC 35198 (log2FC = -1.657; p = 0.009). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium
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[5] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Microbial Enzyme | Azoreductase | |||
| Metabolic Reaction | Azo bond reduction | |||
| Resulting Metabolite | Sulfapyridine; 5-aminosalicylate | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Increase activity | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized to Sulfapyridine and 5-aminosalicylate by the azoreductase of Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium through azo bond reduction, which results in the increase of the drug's activity. | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Erysipelotrichales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Clostridium ramosum DSM 1402
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Clostridium ramosum DSM 1402 (log2FC = -9.046; p = 0.006). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Clostridium spiroforme DSM1552
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Clostridium spiroforme DSM1552 (log2FC = -2.478; p = 0.001). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989 (log2FC = -8.927; p = 0.008). | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Eubacteriales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Anaerostipes sp.
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Anaerostipes sp. (log2FC = -4.337; p = 0.016). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Anaerotruncus colihominis DSM 17241
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Anaerotruncus colihominis DSM 17241 (log2FC = -8.088; p = 0.016). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Blautia hansenii DSM20583
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Blautia hansenii DSM20583 (log2FC = -9.234; p = 0.005). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Blautia luti DSM 14534
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Blautia luti DSM 14534 (log2FC = -8.857; p = 0.016). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Clostridium
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[8], [9], [10] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Microbial Enzyme | Azoreductase and nitroreductase | |||
| Metabolic Reaction | Azo bond reduction | |||
| Resulting Metabolite | Sulfapyridine; 5-aminosalicylate | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Increase activity | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized to Sulfapyridine and 5-aminosalicylate by the azoreductase and nitroreductase of Clostridium through azo bond reduction, which results in the increase of the drug's activity. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Clostridium asparagiforme DSM 15981
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Clostridium asparagiforme DSM 15981 (log2FC = -9.184; p = 0.01). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Clostridium difficile 120
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Clostridium difficile 120 (log2FC = -6.039; p = 0.013). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Clostridium hathewayi DSM 13479
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Clostridium hathewayi DSM 13479 (log2FC = -8.679; p = 0.006). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Clostridium scindens ATCC 35704
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Clostridium scindens ATCC 35704 (log2FC = -9.064; p = 0.004). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Clostridium sp.
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Clostridium sp. (log2FC = -9.08; p = 0.004). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Clostridium sp.
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[11] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Microbial Enzyme | Azoreductase | |||
| Resulting Metabolite | 5-aminosalicylic acid | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Increase toxicity | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized to 5-aminosalicylic acid by the azoreductase of Clostridium sp., which results in the increase of the drug's toxicity. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Clostridium sporogenes ATCC 15579
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Clostridium sporogenes ATCC 15579 (log2FC = -9.072; p = 0.006). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Clostridium symbiosum ATCC 14940
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Clostridium symbiosum ATCC 14940 (log2FC = -9.256; p = 0.009). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Coprococcus comes ATCC 27758
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Coprococcus comes ATCC 27758 (log2FC = -9.182; p = 0.009). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Dorea formicigenerans ATCC 27755
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Dorea formicigenerans ATCC 27755 (log2FC = -4.071; p = 0.015). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Enterocloster bolteae ATCC BAA-613
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Enterocloster bolteae ATCC BAA-613 (log2FC = -7.113; p = 0.005). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Eubacterium
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[5] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Microbial Enzyme | Azoreductase | |||
| Metabolic Reaction | Azo bond reduction | |||
| Resulting Metabolite | Sulfapyridine; 5-aminosalicylate | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Increase activity | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized to Sulfapyridine and 5-aminosalicylate by the azoreductase of Eubacterium through azo bond reduction, which results in the increase of the drug's activity. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Eubacterium hallii DSM3353
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Eubacterium hallii DSM3353 (log2FC = -9.031; p = 0.028). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Eubacterium rectale ATCC 33656
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Eubacterium rectale ATCC 33656 (log2FC = -9.002; p = 0.022). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Eubacterium sp.
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[11] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Microbial Enzyme | Azoreductase | |||
| Resulting Metabolite | 5-aminosalicylic acid | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Increase toxicity | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized to 5-aminosalicylic acid by the azoreductase of Eubacterium sp., which results in the increase of the drug's toxicity. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Roseburia intestinalis L1-82
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Roseburia intestinalis L1-82 (log2FC = -8.876; p = 0.006). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Ruminococcus gnavus
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[5] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Microbial Enzyme | Azoreductase | |||
| Metabolic Reaction | Azo bond reduction | |||
| Resulting Metabolite | Sulfapyridine; 5-aminosalicylate | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Increase activity | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized to Sulfapyridine and 5-aminosalicylate by the azoreductase of Ruminococcus gnavus through azo bond reduction, which results in the increase of the drug's activity. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Ruminococcus gnavus ATCC 29149
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Ruminococcus gnavus ATCC 29149 (log2FC = -8.639; p = 0.0). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Ruminococcus lactaris ATCC 29176
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Ruminococcus lactaris ATCC 29176 (log2FC = -9.522; p = 0.005). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Ruminococcus torques ATCC 27756
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Ruminococcus torques ATCC 27756 (log2FC = -2.384; p = 0.016). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Subdoligranulum variabile DSM 15176
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Subdoligranulum variabile DSM 15176 (log2FC = -8.854; p = 0.008). | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Lactobacillales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Enterococcus faecalis
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[7] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Enterococcus faecalis. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Enterococcus faecalis V583
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Enterococcus faecalis V583 (log2FC = -8.61; p = 0.01). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Lactobacillus reuteri CF48-3A
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Lactobacillus reuteri CF48-3A (log2FC = -0.888; p = 0.014). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Lactobacillus sp.
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[7] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Lactobacillus sp.. | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Tissierellales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Anaerococcus hydrogenalis DSM 7454
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Anaerococcus hydrogenalis DSM 7454 (log2FC = -8.826; p = 0.008). | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Victivallales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Victivallis vadensis ATCC BAA-548
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Experimental Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized by Victivallis vadensis ATCC BAA-548 (log2FC = -1.844; p = 0.004). | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Gut microbiota | ||||
| Studied Microbe: Gut microbiota unspecific | [12] | |||
| Microbial Enzyme | Azoreductase | |||
| Metabolic Reaction | Azo bond reduction | |||
| Resulting Metabolite | 5-aminosalicylic acid; sulfapyridine | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Increase activity; Increase side effect | |||
| Description | Sulfasalazine can be metabolized to 5-aminosalicylic acid and sulfapyridine by the azoreductase of gut microbiota through azo bond reduction, which results in the increase of drug's activity and side effect. | |||
| The Abundace of Studied Microbe(s) Regulated by Drug | ||||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Bacteroidales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides fragilis
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[13] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Sprague-Dawley rat | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Ulcerative colitis | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides fragilis was decreased by Sulfasalazine (p = 0.001). | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Bifidobacteriales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Bifidobacterium
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[13] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Sprague-Dawley rat | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Ulcerative colitis | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bifidobacterium was increased by Sulfasalazine (p = 0.000). | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Enterobacterales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Escherichia coli
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[13] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Sprague-Dawley rat | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Ulcerative colitis | |||
| Description | The abundance of Escherichia coli was decreased by Sulfasalazine (p = 0.003). | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Lactobacillales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Lactobacillus
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[13] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Sprague-Dawley rat | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Ulcerative colitis | |||
| Description | The abundance of Lactobacillus was increased by Sulfasalazine (p = 0.000). | |||
| References | Top | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| REF 1 | Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015 | |||
| REF 2 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00247962) Study Evaluating Etanercept and Sulphasalazine in Ankylosing Spondylitis. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||
| REF 3 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 4840). | |||
| REF 4 | Emerging drugs for rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2008 Mar;13(1):175-96. | |||
| REF 5 | Emerging Insights on the Interaction Between Anticancer and Immunosuppressant Drugs and Intestinal Microbiota in Pediatric Patients. Clin Transl Sci. 2020 Mar;13(2):238-259. | |||
| REF 6 | Mapping human microbiome drug metabolism by gut bacteria and their genes. Nature. 2019 Jun;570(7762):462-467. | |||
| REF 7 | The microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016 Apr;14(5):273-87. | |||
| REF 8 | An Ex Vivo Fermentation Screening Platform to Study Drug Metabolism by Human Gut Microbiota. Drug Metab Dispos. 2018 Nov;46(11):1596-1607. | |||
| REF 9 | Reduction of azo dyes and nitroaromatic compounds by bacterial enzymes from the human intestinal tract. Environ Health Perspect. 1995 Jun;103 Suppl 5(Suppl 5):17-9. | |||
| REF 10 | On the colonic bacterial metabolism of azo-bonded prodrugsof 5-aminosalicylic acid. J Pharm Sci. 2014 Oct;103(10):3171-5. | |||
| REF 11 | Gut microbiota modulates drug pharmacokinetics. Drug Metab Rev. 2018 Aug;50(3):357-368. | |||
| REF 12 | Cometabolism of microbes and host: implications for drug metabolism and drug-induced toxicity. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Nov;94(5):574-81. | |||
| REF 13 | Moxibustion inhibits interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha and modulates intestinal flora in rat with ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Dec 14;18(46):6819-28. | |||
| REF 14 | The anti-inflammatory mechanism of sulfasalazine is related to adenosine release at inflamed sites. J Immunol. 1996 Mar 1;156(5):1937-41. | |||
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