Target Information

Target General Information

Top

Target ID

T34743 (Former ID: TTDS00213)

Target Name

Bacterial Penicillin binding protein (Bact PBP)

Gene Name

NO-GeName

Target Type

Successful target

[1]

Disease

[+] 12 Target-related Diseases

Acute bronchitis [ICD-11: CA42]

Anaerobic bacterial infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1A09]

Bacterial infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z]

Bronchitis [ICD-11: CA20]

Glanders [ICD-11: 1B92]

Gram-positive bacterial infection [ICD-11: 1B74-1F40]

Mature B-cell lymphoma [ICD-11: 2A85]

Myelodysplastic syndrome [ICD-11: 2A37]

Respiratory infection [ICD-11: CA07-CA4Z]

Rheumatoid arthritis [ICD-11: FA20]

Sepsis [ICD-11: 1G40-1G41]

Urinary tract infection [ICD-11: GC08]

Function

Cell wall formation.

Click to Show/Hide

UniProt ID

NOUNIPROTAC

Drugs and Modes of Action

Top

Approved Drug(s)

[+] 57 Approved Drugs

Ampicillin

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[2]

Azlocillin

Drug Info

Approved

Pseudomonas infection

[3]

Bacampicillin

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[4]

Balofloxacin

Drug Info

Approved

Gram-positive bacterial infection

[5]

Carbenicillin

Drug Info

Approved

Infection of the upper and lower urinary tract

[3]

Carbenicillin Indanyl Sodium

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[3]

Cefacetrile

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[6]

Cefaclor

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[7]

Cefadroxil

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[8], [9]

Cefamandole

Drug Info

Approved

Microorganisms infection

[3]

Cefazolin

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[10]

Cefdinir

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[11]

Cefditoren

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[12]

Cefixime

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[12]

Cefonicid

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[12]

Cefoperazone

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[12]

Ceforanide

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[12]

Cefotetan

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[12]

Cefoxitin

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[12]

Cefpiramide

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[12]

Cefpodoxime

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[12]

Cefprozil

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[12]

Cefradine

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[13], [14]

Ceftazidime

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[12]

Ceftibuten

Drug Info

Approved

Chronic bronchitis

[3]

Ceftizoxime

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[12]

Ceftriaxone

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[15], [16]

Cefuroxime

Drug Info

Approved

Acute bronchitis

[3]

Cephalexin

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[17], [18]

Cephaloglycin

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[19]

Cephalothin Sodium

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[3]

Cephapirin

Drug Info

Approved

Sepsis

[3], [20]

Ciprofloxacin XR

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[3]

Clofarabine

Drug Info

Approved

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

[3], [12], [21], [22]

Cloxacillin

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[23]

Cyclacillin

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[24], [3], [25]

Dicloxacillin

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[26]

Ertapenem

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[12]

Flucloxacillin

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[27]

Hetacillin

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[3]

Loracarbef

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[12]

Meropenem

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[12]

Meticillin

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[28]

Nafcillin

Drug Info

Approved

Arthritis

[29], [3]

Oxacillin

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[30]

Penicillin

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[31]

Penicillin G Benzathine

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[3]

Penicillin G Procaine

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[3]

Penicillin G Sodium

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[3]

Penicillin V

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[16]

Penicillin V Potassium

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[3]

Piperacillin

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[32]

Pivampicillin

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[33]

Pivmecillinam

Drug Info

Approved

Urinary tract infection

[34], [3]

Tebipenem pivoxil

Drug Info

Approved

Respiratory tract infection

[35]

Ticarcillin

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[36]

Ceftolozane sulfate

Drug Info

Phase 4

Respiratory tract infection

[37]

Clinical Trial Drug(s)

[+] 8 Clinical Trial Drugs

Cefluprenam

Drug Info

Phase 3

Bacterial infection

[38]

Ceftobiprole

Drug Info

Phase 3

Community-acquired pneumonia

[39]

Ceftobiprole medocaril

Drug Info

Phase 3

Skin and skin-structure infection

[40]

Sulopenem

Drug Info

Phase 3

Urinary tract infection

[41]

BOS-228

Drug Info

Phase 2

Bacterial infection

[42]

Lenapenem hydrochloride hydrate

Drug Info

Phase 2

Bacterial infection

[43]

BAL-30072

Drug Info

Phase 1

Bacterial infection

[44]

DZ-2640

Drug Info

Phase 1

Bacterial infection

[45]

Discontinued Drug(s)

[+] 14 Discontinued Drugs

CEFCANEL DALOXATE HYDROCHLORIDE

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 3

Bacterial infection

[46]

CEFETECOL

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 3

Bacterial infection

[47]

Sanfetrinem

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 3

Bacterial infection

[48]

KP-736

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Bacterial infection

[49]

PA-1806

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Bacterial infection

[50]

Tomopenem

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Bacterial infection

[51]

BRL-44154

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Bacterial infection

[52]

Cefdaloxime pentexil tosilate

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Bacterial infection

[53]

CEFTRAZONAL BOPENTIL

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Bacterial infection

[54]

DU-6681

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Bacterial infection

[55]

ER-35786

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Bacterial infection

[56]

FK-041

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Bacterial infection

[57]

MC-02,479

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Bacterial infection

[58]

BK-218

Drug Info

Terminated

Bacterial infection

[59]

Mode of Action

[+] 3 Modes of Action

Binder

[+] 44 Binder drugs

Ampicillin

Drug Info

[60]

Azlocillin

Drug Info

[61]

Bacampicillin

Drug Info

[62]

Carbenicillin

Drug Info

[63]

Cefacetrile

Drug Info

[65]

Cefaclor

Drug Info

[66]

Cefadroxil

Drug Info

[67]

Cefamandole

Drug Info

[68]

Cefazolin

Drug Info

[69]

Cefdinir

Drug Info

[70]

Cefditoren

Drug Info

[71]

Cefixime

Drug Info

[72]

Cefonicid

Drug Info

[73]

Cefoperazone

Drug Info

[74]

Ceforanide

Drug Info

[75]

Cefotetan

Drug Info

[76]

Cefoxitin

Drug Info

[77]

Cefpiramide

Drug Info

[62]

Cefpodoxime

Drug Info

[78]

Cefprozil

Drug Info

[79]

Cefradine

Drug Info

[77]

Ceftazidime

Drug Info

[80]

Ceftibuten

Drug Info

[81]

Ceftizoxime

Drug Info

[1]

Cefuroxime

Drug Info

[83]

Cephalexin

Drug Info

[84]

Cephapirin

Drug Info

[85]

Clofarabine

Drug Info

[86]

Cloxacillin

Drug Info

[87]

Cyclacillin

Drug Info

[62]

Dicloxacillin

Drug Info

[88]

Ertapenem

Drug Info

[1]

Flucloxacillin

Drug Info

[88]

Loracarbef

Drug Info

[78]

Meticillin

Drug Info

[90]

Nafcillin

Drug Info

[91]

Oxacillin

Drug Info

[92]

Penicillin V

Drug Info

[94]

Piperacillin

Drug Info

[95]

Pivampicillin

Drug Info

[62]

Pivmecillinam

Drug Info

[96]

Tebipenem pivoxil

Drug Info

[97]

Ticarcillin

Drug Info

[98]

Ceftobiprole medocaril

Drug Info

[102]

Inhibitor

[+] 11 Inhibitor drugs

Balofloxacin

Drug Info

[5]

Ciprofloxacin XR

Drug Info

[5]

Cefluprenam

Drug Info

[100]

BOS-228

Drug Info

[42]

Lenapenem hydrochloride hydrate

Drug Info

[104]

BAL-30072

Drug Info

[105]

CEFTRAZONAL BOPENTIL

Drug Info

[115]

ER-35786

Drug Info

[117]

FK-041

Drug Info

[118]

MC-02,479

Drug Info

[119]

BK-218

Drug Info

[120]

Modulator

[+] 26 Modulator drugs

Carbenicillin Indanyl Sodium

Drug Info

[64]

Ceftriaxone

Drug Info

[82]

Cephaloglycin

Drug Info

[82]

Cephalothin Sodium

Drug Info

[82]

Hetacillin

Drug Info

[89]

Meropenem

Drug Info

[82]

Penicillin

Drug Info

[93]

Penicillin G Benzathine

Drug Info

[93]

Penicillin G Procaine

Drug Info

[93]

Penicillin G Sodium

Drug Info

[93]

Penicillin V Potassium

Drug Info

[82]

Ceftolozane sulfate

Drug Info

[99]

Ceftobiprole

Drug Info

[101]

Sulopenem

Drug Info

[103]

DZ-2640

Drug Info

[106]

CEFCANEL DALOXATE HYDROCHLORIDE

Drug Info

[107]

CEFETECOL

Drug Info

[108]

Sanfetrinem

Drug Info

[109]

KP-736

Drug Info

[110]

PA-1806

Drug Info

[111]

Tomopenem

Drug Info

[112]

BRL-44154

Drug Info

[113]

Cefdaloxime pentexil tosilate

Drug Info

[114]

DU-6681

Drug Info

[116]

RO 244383

Drug Info

[124]

Sanfetrinem cilexetil

Drug Info

[109]

Drug Property Profile of Target

Top

(1) Molecular Weight (mw) based Drug Clustering

(2) Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (xlogp) based Drug Clustering

(3) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) based Drug Clustering

(4) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) based Drug Clustering

(5) Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) based Drug Clustering

(6) Topological Polar Surface Area (polararea) based Drug Clustering

"RO5" indicates the cutoff set by lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in GREEN denotes the no violation of any cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in PURPLE refers to the violation of only one cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in BLACK represents the violation of more than one cutoffs in lipinski's rule of five

Target-Related Models and Studies

Top

Target Validation

Target Validation Info

References

Top

REF 1

Role of penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2) in the antibiotic susceptibility and cell wall cross-linking of Staphylococcus aureus: evidence for the cooperative functioning of PBP2, PBP4, and PBP2A. JBacteriol. 2005 Mar;187(5):1815-24.

REF 2

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 061936.

REF 3

Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015

REF 4

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (NDA) 050520.

REF 5

Emerging drugs for bacterial urinary tract infections. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2005 May;10(2):275-98.

REF 6

Drug information of Cefacetrile, 2008. eduDrugs.

REF 7

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 062206.

REF 8

URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 4831).

REF 9

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 062291.

REF 10

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 065244.

REF 11

Emerging therapies for the treatment and prevention of otitis media. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2006 May;11(2):251-64.

REF 12

Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 2007 Mar;70(3):461-77.

REF 13

REF 14

Textbook of Therapeutics: Drug and Disease Management. 2006, P892. By Richard A. Helms, Eric T. Herfindal, David J. Quan, Dick R. Gourley.

REF 15

REF 16

How many modes of action should an antibiotic have Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2008 Oct;8(5):564-73.

REF 17

REF 18

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 061969.

REF 19

Drug information of Cephaloglycin, 2008. eduDrugs.

REF 20

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 062720.

REF 21

REF 22

2004 approvals: the demise of the blockbuster. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2005 Feb;4(2):93-4.

REF 23

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 061454.

REF 24

REF 25

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 062895.

REF 26

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 062286.

REF 27

Drug information of Flucloxacillin, 2008. eduDrugs.

REF 28

Drug information of Meticillin, 2008. eduDrugs.

REF 29

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 062527.

REF 30

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 061490.

REF 31

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00363688) Treating Patients With a History of Non-Life Threatening Allergic Reaction to Penicillin With Penicillin. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 32

Zosyn (piperacillin/tazobactam) reformulation: Expanded compatibility and coadministration with lactated Ringer's solutions and selected aminoglycosides. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008 Apr;4(2):303-14.

REF 33

Drug information of Pivampicillin, 2008. eduDrugs.

REF 34

Drug information of Pivmecillinam, 2008. eduDrugs.

REF 35

Pharmacodynamics of Tebipenem: New Options for Oral Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019 Jul 25;63(8):e00603-19.

REF 36

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (NDA) 050497.

REF 37

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02421120) Population Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Intravenous Ceftolozane/Tazobactam in Adult Cystic Fibrosis Patients. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 38

Usefulness of 7 day therapy with cefluprenam in the management of respiratory tract infections. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1997 Aug;71(8):770-87.

REF 39

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03439124) Ceftobiprole in the Treatment of Pediatric Patients With Pneumonia. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 40

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03137173) Ceftobiprole in the Treatment of Patients With Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 41

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03357614) Sulopenem Followed by Sulopenem-etzadroxil/Probenecid vs Ertapenem Followed by Cipro for Complicated UTI in Adults. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 42

Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of Boston Pharmaceuticals.

REF 43

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002282)

REF 44

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800032341)

REF 45

Pharmacokinetics and safety of ascending single doses of DZ-2640, a new oral carbapenem antibiotic, administered to healthy Japanese subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Mar;44(3):578-82.

REF 46

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002619)

REF 47

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000482)

REF 48

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002101)

REF 49

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000467)

REF 50

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800011023)

REF 51

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800014654)

REF 52

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800005339)

REF 53

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003956)

REF 54

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002807)

REF 55

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800006219)

REF 56

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800005932)

REF 57

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800007635)

REF 58

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800009332)

REF 59

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000460)

REF 60

Effects of amino acid alterations in penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) 1a, 2b, and 2x on PBP affinities of penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefditoren, cefuroxime, cefprozil, and cefaclor in 18 clinical isolates of penicillin-susceptible, -intermediate, and -resistant pneumococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002 May;46(5):1273-80.

REF 61

Reactivation of peptidoglycan synthesis in ether-permeabilized Escherichia coli after inhibition by beta-lactam antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989 Dec;33(12):2101-8.

REF 62

Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34.

REF 63

Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to cefsulodin: modification of penicillin-binding protein 3 and mapping of its chromosomal gene. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1990 Apr;25(4):513-23.

REF 64

Carbenicillin resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1982 Aug;22(2):255-61.

REF 65

Single dose 1 g ceftriaxone for urogenital and pharyngeal infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Int J Urol. 2008 Sep;15(9):837-42.

REF 66

Antibacterial activity of oral cephems against various clinically isolated strains and evaluation of efficacy based on the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics theory. Jpn J Antibiot. 2004 Dec;57(6):465-74.

REF 67

Penicillin-binding protein sensitive to cephalexin in sporulation of Bacillus cereus. Microbiol Res. 1997 Sep;152(3):227-32.

REF 68

The impact of penicillinase on cefamandole treatment and prophylaxis of experimental endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis. 1998 Jan;177(1):146-54.

REF 69

Bacteriological characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from humans and bulk milk. J Dairy Sci. 2008 Feb;91(2):564-9.

REF 70

Decreased affinity of mosaic-structure recombinant penicillin-binding protein 2 for oral cephalosporins in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007 Jul;60(1):54-60.

REF 71

Crystal structure of cefditoren complexed with Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin-binding protein 2X: structural basis for its high antimicrobial ... Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 Nov;51(11):3902-7.

REF 72

Genetics of chromosomally mediated intermediate resistance to ceftriaxone and cefixime in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Sep;53(9):3744-51.

REF 73

Affinity of cefonicid, a long-acting cephalosporin, for the penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli K-12. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1984 May;37(5):572-6.

REF 74

Clinical relevance of antibiotic-induced endotoxin release in patients undergoing hepatic resection. World J Surg. 1999 Jan;23(1):75-9.

REF 75

The pharmacokinetics of the interstitial space in humans. BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Jul 30;3:3.

REF 76

In-vitro profile of a new beta-lactam, ceftobiprole, with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007 Jun;13 Suppl 2:17-24.

REF 77

Staphylococcus aureus PBP4 is essential for beta-lactam resistance in community-acquired methicillin-resistant strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Nov;52(11):3955-66.

REF 78

Amino acid substitutions in mosaic penicillin-binding protein 2 associated with reduced susceptibility to cefixime in clinical isolates of Neisseri... Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Nov;50(11):3638-45.

REF 79

Microbiology and antimicrobial management of sinusitis. J Laryngol Otol. 2005 Apr;119(4):251-8.

REF 80

New and emerging treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections in the hospital setting. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008 Apr;14 Suppl 3:32-41.

REF 81

Neisseria gonorrhoeae and emerging resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporins. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009 Feb;22(1):87-91.

REF 82

Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.

REF 83

Cefuroxime resistance in non-beta-lactamase Haemophilus influenzae is linked to mutations in ftsI. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003 Mar;51(3):523-30.

REF 84

Relationship between penicillin-binding protein patterns and beta-lactamases in clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis with different susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics. J Med Microbiol. 2004 Mar;53(Pt 3):213-21.

REF 85

The formation of functional penicillin-binding proteins. J Biol Chem. 1975 Aug 25;250(16):6578-85.

REF 86

Clofarabine: past, present, and future. Leuk Lymphoma. 2007 Oct;48(10):1922-30.

REF 87

Development of a receptor-based microplate assay for the detection of beta-lactam antibiotics in different food matrices. Anal Chim Acta. 2007 Mar 14;586(1-2):296-303.

REF 88

Mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1984;42:64-71.

REF 89

JBioWH: an open-source Java framework for bioinformatics data integration.Database (Oxford).2013 Jul 11;2013:bat051.

REF 90

A link in transcription between the native pbpB and the acquired mecA gene in a strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiology. 2006 Sep;152(Pt 9):2549-58.

REF 91

Binding affinity for penicillin-binding protein 2a correlates with in vivo activity of beta-lactam antibiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis. 1990 Sep;162(3):705-10.

REF 92

Novel anion liposome-encapsulated antisense oligonucleotide restores susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and rescues mice... Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Jul;53(7):2871-8.

REF 93

Bacterial Resistance to Penicillin G by Decreased Affinity of Penicillin-Binding Proteins: A Mathematical Model

REF 94

Localization of penicillin-binding proteins to the splitting system of Staphylococcus aureus septa by using a mercury-penicillin V derivative. J Bacteriol. 1995 Jul;177(13):3631-40.

REF 95

In vitro antienterococcal activity explains associations between exposures to antimicrobial agents and risk of colonization by multiresistant enter... J Infect Dis. 2004 Dec 15;190(12):2162-6.

REF 96

Association between antimicrobial consumption and resistance in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Mar;53(3):912-7.

REF 97

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