Target Information

Target General Information

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Target ID

T50688 (Former ID: TTDS00077)

Target Name

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor (GPIIb/IIIa)

Synonyms

Platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb; Platelet membrane glycoprotein IIIa; GP

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Gene Name

ITGA2B; ITGB3

Target Type

Successful target

[1]

Disease

[+] 3 Target-related Diseases

Acquired hypermelanosis [ICD-11: ED60]

Angina pectoris [ICD-11: BA40]

Myocardial infarction [ICD-11: BA41-BA43]

Function

Integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3 is a receptor for fibronectin, fibrinogen, plasminogen, prothrombin, thrombospondin and vitronectin. It recognizes the sequence R-G-D in a wide array of ligands. It recognizes the sequence H-H-L-G-G-G-A-K-Q-A-G-D-V in fibrinogen gamma chain. Following activation integrin alpha- IIb/beta-3 brings about platelet/platelet interaction through binding of soluble fibrinogen. This step leads to rapid platelet aggregation which physically plugs ruptured endothelial cell surface.

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UniProt ID

ITA2B_HUMAN ; ITB3_HUMAN

Sequence

MARALCPLQALWLLEWVLLLLGPCAAPPAWALNLDPVQLTFYAGPNGSQFGFSLDFHKDS
HGRVAIVVGAPRTLGPSQEETGGVFLCPWRAEGGQCPSLLFDLRDETRNVGSQTLQTFKA
RQGLGASVVSWSDVIVACAPWQHWNVLEKTEEAEKTPVGSCFLAQPESGRRAEYSPCRGN
TLSRIYVENDFSWDKRYCEAGFSSVVTQAGELVLGAPGGYYFLGLLAQAPVADIFSSYRP
GILLWHVSSQSLSFDSSNPEYFDGYWGYSVAVGEFDGDLNTTEYVVGAPTWSWTLGAVEI
LDSYYQRLHRLRGEQMASYFGHSVAVTDVNGDGRHDLLVGAPLYMESRADRKLAEVGRVY
LFLQPRGPHALGAPSLLLTGTQLYGRFGSAIAPLGDLDRDGYNDIAVAAPYGGPSGRGQV
LVFLGQSEGLRSRPSQVLDSPFPTGSAFGFSLRGAVDIDDNGYPDLIVGAYGANQVAVYR
AQPVVKASVQLLVQDSLNPAVKSCVLPQTKTPVSCFNIQMCVGATGHNIPQKLSLNAELQ
LDRQKPRQGRRVLLLGSQQAGTTLNLDLGGKHSPICHTTMAFLRDEADFRDKLSPIVLSL
NVSLPPTEAGMAPAVVLHGDTHVQEQTRIVLDCGEDDVCVPQLQLTASVTGSPLLVGADN
VLELQMDAANEGEGAYEAELAVHLPQGAHYMRALSNVEGFERLICNQKKENETRVVLCEL
GNPMKKNAQIGIAMLVSVGNLEEAGESVSFQLQIRSKNSQNPNSKIVLLDVPVRAEAQVE
LRGNSFPASLVVAAEEGEREQNSLDSWGPKVEHTYELHNNGPGTVNGLHLSIHLPGQSQP
SDLLYILDIQPQGGLQCFPQPPVNPLKVDWGLPIPSPSPIHPAHHKRDRRQIFLPEPEQP
SRLQDPVLVSCDSAPCTVVQCDLQEMARGQRAMVTVLAFLWLPSLYQRPLDQFVLQSHAW
FNVSSLPYAVPPLSLPRGEAQVWTQLLRALEERAIPIWWVLVGVLGGLLLLTILVLAMWK
VGFFKRNRPPLEEDDEEGE

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HIT2.0 ID

T95XHB

Drugs and Modes of Action

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Approved Drug(s)

[+] 4 Approved Drugs

Abciximab

Drug Info

Approved

Angina pectoris

[2], [3]

Eptifibatide

Drug Info

Approved

Acute cardiac ischemic events

[4], [5]

Hydroquinone

Drug Info

Approved

Melasma

[6]

Tirofiban

Drug Info

Approved

Acute coronary syndrome

[5], [7]

Clinical Trial Drug(s)

[+] 6 Clinical Trial Drugs

DMP-444

Drug Info

Phase 3

Coronary artery disease

[8]

99mTc-rBitistatin

Drug Info

Phase 1/2

Embolism

[9]

AjvW2

Drug Info

Phase 1

Thrombosis

[10]

Lefradafiban

Drug Info

Phase 1

Angina pectoris

[11]

RGD-891

Drug Info

Phase 1

Thrombosis

[12]

SDZ-GPI-562

Drug Info

Phase 1

Thrombosis

[13]

Discontinued Drug(s)

[+] 28 Discontinued Drugs

LAMIFIBAN

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 3

Angina pectoris

[14]

LOTRAFIBAN

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 3

Cardiovascular disease

[15]

ORBOFIBAN

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 3

Angina pectoris

[16]

SIBRAFIBAN

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 3

Angina pectoris

[17]

XEMILOFIBAN

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 3

Peripheral vascular disease

[18]

Cromafiban

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Coronary artery disease

[19]

ELAROFIBAN

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Thrombosis

[20]

FK-633

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Artery stenosis

[21]

Gantofiban

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Arteriosclerosis

[22]

MK-852

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Thrombosis

[23]

SR-121787

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Thrombosis

[24]

YM-337

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Angiogenesis disorder

[25]

ZD-2486

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Angina pectoris

[26]

DMP-728

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Thrombosis

[27]

FR-158999

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Thrombosis

[28]

L-734217

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Thrombosis

[29]

ME-3277

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Thrombosis

[30]

SC-52012

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Thrombosis

[31]

TAK-029

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Thrombosis

[32]

TP-9201

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Thrombosis

[33]

BIBU-251

Drug Info

Terminated

Thrombosis

[34]

Fradafiban

Drug Info

Terminated

Thrombosis

[35]

GR-144053

Drug Info

Terminated

Thrombosis

[36], [37]

GR-233548

Drug Info

Terminated

Thrombosis

[38]

L-703014

Drug Info

Terminated

Thrombosis

[39]

SB-208651

Drug Info

Terminated

Thrombosis

[40]

SC-49992

Drug Info

Terminated

Arterial thrombosis

[41]

SKF-106760

Drug Info

Terminated

Thrombosis

[42]

Mode of Action

[+] 3 Modes of Action

Modulator

[+] 36 Modulator drugs

Abciximab

Drug Info

[43]

Eptifibatide

Drug Info

[44]

Tirofiban

Drug Info

[43]

DMP-444

Drug Info

[45]

99mTc-rBitistatin

Drug Info

[46]

Lefradafiban

Drug Info

[48]

RGD-891

Drug Info

[12]

SDZ-GPI-562

Drug Info

[49]

LAMIFIBAN

Drug Info

[50]

LOTRAFIBAN

Drug Info

[51]

ORBOFIBAN

Drug Info

[52]

SIBRAFIBAN

Drug Info

[53]

XEMILOFIBAN

Drug Info

[54], [55]

Cromafiban

Drug Info

[56]

ELAROFIBAN

Drug Info

[57]

FK-633

Drug Info

[58]

Gantofiban

Drug Info

[59]

MK-852

Drug Info

[56]

SR-121787

Drug Info

[60], [61]

YM-337

Drug Info

[62]

ZD-2486

Drug Info

[56]

DMP-728

Drug Info

[63]

L-734217

Drug Info

[65]

ME-3277

Drug Info

[66]

SC-52012

Drug Info

[67]

TAK-029

Drug Info

[68]

TP-9201

Drug Info

[69]

BIBU-251

Drug Info

[70]

Fradafiban

Drug Info

[71]

GR-144053

Drug Info

[72], [73]

GR-233548

Drug Info

[43]

L-703014

Drug Info

[74]

SB-208651

Drug Info

[75], [76]

SC-49992

Drug Info

[77]

SKF-106760

Drug Info

[43]

RGD-039

Drug Info

[12], [79]

Antagonist

[+] 3 Antagonist drugs

Hydroquinone

Drug Info

[1]

FR-158999

Drug Info

[6], [64]

XV454

Drug Info

[80]

Binder

[+] 1 Binder drugs

RGD

Drug Info

[78]

Chemical Structure based Activity Landscape of Target

Top

Drug Property Profile of Target

Top

(1) Molecular Weight (mw) based Drug Clustering

(2) Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (xlogp) based Drug Clustering

(3) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) based Drug Clustering

(4) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) based Drug Clustering

(5) Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) based Drug Clustering

(6) Topological Polar Surface Area (polararea) based Drug Clustering

"RO5" indicates the cutoff set by lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in GREEN denotes the no violation of any cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in PURPLE refers to the violation of only one cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in BLACK represents the violation of more than one cutoffs in lipinski's rule of five

Co-Targets

Top

Co-Targets

Co-Targets Info

Target Poor or Non Binders

Top

Target Poor or Non Binders

Target Poor or Non Binders Info

Target Profiles in Patients

Top

Target Expression
Profile (TEP)

Target Expression Profile Info

Target Affiliated Biological Pathways		Top
Reactome	[+] 12 Reactome Pathways	+
1	Platelet degranulation
2	Elastic fibre formation
3	PECAM1 interactions
4	Molecules associated with elastic fibres
5	Integrin cell surface interactions
6	Syndecan interactions
7	ECM proteoglycans
8	Integrin alphaIIb beta3 signaling
9	GRB2:SOS provides linkage to MAPK signaling for Integrins
10	p130Cas linkage to MAPK signaling for integrins
11	VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway
12	MAP2K and MAPK activation
WikiPathways	[+] 9 WikiPathways	+
1	Focal Adhesion
2	Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation
3	Human Complement System
4	Extracellular matrix organization
5	Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
6	Integrin-mediated Cell Adhesion
7	L1CAM interactions
8	Integrin cell surface interactions
9	Integrin alphaIIb beta3 signaling

Target-Related Models and Studies

Top

Target Validation

Target Validation Info

References

Top

REF 1

Accutin, a new disintegrin, inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo by acting as integrin alphavbeta3 antagonist and inducing apoptosis. Blood. 1998 Nov 1;92(9):3268-76.

REF 2

URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6584).

REF 3

Advances in ischemic stroke treatment: neuroprotective and combination therapies. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2007 Mar;12(1):97-112.

REF 4

REF 5

Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 2007 Mar;70(3):461-77.

REF 6

Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015

REF 7

REF 8

Evaluation of 99mTc-labeled cyclic RGD peptide with a PEG4 linker for thrombosis imaging: comparison with DMP444. Bioconjug Chem. 2011 Aug 17;22(8):1715-22.

REF 9

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00808626) Phase II Investigation of 99mTc-rBitistatin for Imaging Venous Thrombosis. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 10

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800009728)

REF 11

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02264106) Influence of Pantoprazole on the Pharmacokinetics of Fradafiban After Multiple Oral Doses of Lefradafiban Over 5 Days in Healthy Subjects. U.S. National Institutes ofHealth.

REF 12

Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of a platelet GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, RGD891, following intravenous administration in healthy male volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Nov;40(11):1245-56.

REF 13

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800005009)

REF 14

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003532)

REF 15

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800004570)

REF 16

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800007819)

REF 17

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800006751)

REF 18

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800004434)

REF 19

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800010404)

REF 20

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800010575)

REF 21

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800006561)

REF 22

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800010688)

REF 23

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800001868)

REF 24

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800009197)

REF 25

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800005765)

REF 26

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800006364)

REF 27

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003382)

REF 28

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800011969)

REF 29

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800006092)

REF 30

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800007141)

REF 31

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003583)

REF 32

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800005011)

REF 33

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800001874)

REF 34

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800004683)

REF 35

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800005534)

REF 36

REF 37

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800004027)

REF 38

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800010798)

REF 39

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800004828)

REF 40

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800004708)

REF 41

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800001873)

REF 42

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003995)

REF 43

Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.

REF 44

Barbourin. A GPIIb-IIIa-specific integrin antagonist from the venom of Sistrurus m. barbouri. J Biol Chem. 1991 May 25;266(15):9359-62.

REF 45

Evaluation of Tc-99m-labeled glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist DMP444 SPECT in patients with infective endocarditis. Clin Nucl Med. 2003 Jun;28(6):480-4.

REF 46

Platelet binding and biodistribution of [99mTc]rBitistatin in animal species and humans. Nucl Med Biol. 2007 Oct;34(7):855-63.

REF 47

Novel approaches to the treatment of thrombosis. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2002 Jan;23(1):25-32.

REF 48

Pharmacodynamics and safety of lefradafiban, an oral platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist, in patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing elective angioplasty. Heart. 2001 Apr;85(4):444-50.

REF 49

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: the role of platelet activation and therapeutic implications. Semin Thromb Hemost. 1999;25 Suppl 1:67-75.

REF 50

Lamifiban. Drugs. 1999 Feb;57(2):215-21; discussion 222-3.

REF 51

Lotrafiban: an oral platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blocker.Expert Opin Investig Drugs.2000 Nov;9(11):2673-87.

REF 52

Orbofiban: an orally active GPIIb/IIIa platelet receptor antagonist. Med Res Rev. 2001 May;21(3):211-26.

REF 53

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sibrafiban, an orally administered GP IIb/IIIa antagonist, following coadministration of aspirin and heparin. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000 May;40(5):488-95.

REF 54

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor number and occupancy during chronic administration of an oral antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Nov;295(2):670-6.

REF 55

Acute thrombocytopenia in patients treated with the oral glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors xemilofiban and orbofiban: evidence for an immune etiology. Thromb Haemost. 2002 Dec;88(6):892-7.

REF 56

Interpreting expression profiles of cancers by genome-wide survey of breadth of expression in normal tissues. Genomics 2005 Aug;86(2):127-41.

REF 57

1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-a]pyridine as a novel, constrained template for fibrinogen receptor (GPIIb/IIIa) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2001 Oct 8;11(19):2619-22.

REF 58

Efficacy of FK633, an ultra-short acting glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist on platelet preservation during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004 Aug;26(2):289-93.

REF 59

Enantioseparation of gantofiban precursors on chiral stationary phases of the poly-(N-acryloyl amino acid derivative)-type. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2002 Jan 15;27(3-4):627-37.

REF 60

Prevention of thrombosis and enhancement of thrombolysis in rabbits by SR 121787, a glycoprotein II/III antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Aug;286(2):670-5.

REF 61

The antithrombotic efficacy of the GP IIb/IIIa antagonist SR121787 is potentiated by antithrombin-dependent factor Xa inhibition without an increas... J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1999 Apr;33(4):573-9.

REF 62

Pharmacodynamic characterization of the interaction between the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor YM337 and unfractionated heparin and aspirin in hum... Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Sep;56(3):321-6.

REF 63

Antiplatelet and antithrombotic efficacy of DMP 728, a novel platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist. Circulation. 1994 Jan;89(1):3-12.

REF 64

QSAR study of the peptidic fibrinogen inhibitors FK633, FR158999 and related derivatives, using a novel and useful hydrophobic descriptor (logPmw). Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters Volume 8, Issue 18, 22 September 1998, Pages 2483-2488.

REF 65

Nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. 8. Antiplatelet activity and oral antithrombotic efficacy of L-734,217. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996 Jul;278(1):62-73.

REF 66

ME3277, a GPIIb/IIIa antagonist reduces cerebral infarction without enhancing intracranial hemorrhage in photothrombotic occlusion of rabbit middle cerebral artery. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2000 Jun;20(6):988-97.

REF 67

Characterization of Binding of an RGD Mimetic, [(3)H]-SC-52012, to Platelet GPIIb/IIIa. Platelets. 1995;6(5):288-95.

REF 68

Platelet protective effect of TAK-029, a novel glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist: an in vitro study. Artif Organs. 1998 Apr;22(4):348-52.

REF 69

TP-9201, a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa platelet receptor antagonist, prevents rethrombosis after successful arterial thrombolysis in the dog. Stroke. 1997 Sep;28(9):1789-96.

REF 70

CN patent application no. 101312747, Anticoagulant antithrombotic dual inhibitors comprising a biotin label.

REF 71

Profound and sustained inhibition of platelet aggregation by Fradafiban, a nonpeptide platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist, and its orally active prodrug, Lefradafiban, in men. Circulation. 1997Aug 19;96(4):1130-8.

REF 72

GR144053, a fibrinogen receptor antagonist, enhances the suppression of neointima formation by losartan, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, in ... Br J Pharmacol. 1997 Nov;122(6):1099-104.

REF 73

Effect of GR144053, a fibrinogen-receptor antagonist, on thrombus formation and vascular patency after thrombolysis by tPA in the injured carotid a... J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998 Aug;32(2):191-7.

REF 74

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of L-703,014, a potent fibrinogen receptor antagonist, after intravenous and oral administration in the dog. Pharm Res. 1994 Mar;11(3):426-31.

REF 75

Design of a potent and orally active nonpeptide platelet fibrinogen receptor (GPIIb/IIIa) antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem. 1994 Sep;2(9):897-908.

REF 76

Chemical approaches to improve the oral bioavailability of peptidergic molecules.J Pharm Pharmacol.1996 Feb;48(2):119-35.

REF 77

SC-49992--a potent and specific inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Thromb Res. 1994 Jun 1;74(5):523-35.

REF 78

AlphaIIbbeta3 and its antagonism at the new millennium. Thromb Haemost. 2001 Jul;86(1):34-40.

REF 79

Pharmacokinetics and concentration-effect analysis of intravenous RGD891, a platelet GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, using mixed-effects modeling (NONMEM). J Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Oct;40(10):1129-40.

REF 80

Inhibition of tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation and lung metastasis by the oral GpIIb/IIIa antagonist XV454. Thromb Haemost. 2003 Sep;90(3):549-54.

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