Target Information

Target General Infomation
Target ID
T82577
Former ID
TTDS00181
Target Name
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
Gene Name
ACE
Synonyms
CD143 antigen; Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase I; Kininase II; ACE
Target Type
Successful
Disease Congestive heart failure [ICD9: 428; ICD10: I50]
Congestive heart failure; Hypertension [ICD9: 428; ICD10: I50]
Cardiovascular disorder [ICD10: I00-I99]
Hypertension; Renal failure; Heart failure; Diabetic nephropathy [ICD9: 250, 401, 428, 580-599, 584, 585; ICD10: E08-E13, I10-I16, I50, N00-N29, N17, N18, N19]
Hypertension [ICD9: 401; ICD10: I10-I16]
Hypotension [ICD9: 458, 796.3; ICD10: I95]
Luid retention [ICD9: 782.3; ICD10: R60.9]
Major depressive disorder [ICD9: 296.2, 296.3, 710.0; ICD10: F32, F33, M32]
Unspecified [ICD code not available]
Function
Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II by release of the terminal His-Leu, this results in an increase of the vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin. Also able to inactivate bradykinin, a potent vasodilator. Has also a glycosidase activity which releases GPI-anchored proteins from the membrane by cleaving the mannose linkage in the GPI moiety.
BioChemical Class
Glycosylases
Target Validation
T82577
UniProt ID
P12821
EC Number
EC 3.4.15.1
Sequence
MGAASGRRGPGLLLPLPLLLLLPPQPALALDPGLQPGNFSADEAGAQLFAQSYNSSAEQV
LFQSVAASWAHDTNITAENARRQEEAALLSQEFAEAWGQKAKELYEPIWQNFTDPQLRRI
IGAVRTLGSANLPLAKRQQYNALLSNMSRIYSTAKVCLPNKTATCWSLDPDLTNILASSR
SYAMLLFAWEGWHNAAGIPLKPLYEDFTALSNEAYKQDGFTDTGAYWRSWYNSPTFEDDL
EHLYQQLEPLYLNLHAFVRRALHRRYGDRYINLRGPIPAHLLGDMWAQSWENIYDMVVPF
PDKPNLDVTSTMLQQGWNATHMFRVAEEFFTSLELSPMPPEFWEGSMLEKPADGREVVCH
ASAWDFYNRKDFRIKQCTRVTMDQLSTVHHEMGHIQYYLQYKDLPVSLRRGANPGFHEAI
GDVLALSVSTPEHLHKIGLLDRVTNDTESDINYLLKMALEKIAFLPFGYLVDQWRWGVFS
GRTPPSRYNFDWWYLRTKYQGICPPVTRNETHFDAGAKFHVPNVTPYIRYFVSFVLQFQF
HEALCKEAGYEGPLHQCDIYRSTKAGAKLRKVLQAGSSRPWQEVLKDMVGLDALDAQPLL
KYFQPVTQWLQEQNQQNGEVLGWPEYQWHPPLPDNYPEGIDLVTDEAEASKFVEEYDRTS
QVVWNEYAEANWNYNTNITTETSKILLQKNMQIANHTLKYGTQARKFDVNQLQNTTIKRI
IKKVQDLERAALPAQELEEYNKILLDMETTYSVATVCHPNGSCLQLEPDLTNVMATSRKY
EDLLWAWEGWRDKAGRAILQFYPKYVELINQAARLNGYVDAGDSWRSMYETPSLEQDLER
LFQELQPLYLNLHAYVRRALHRHYGAQHINLEGPIPAHLLGNMWAQTWSNIYDLVVPFPS
APSMDTTEAMLKQGWTPRRMFKEADDFFTSLGLLPVPPEFWNKSMLEKPTDGREVVCHAS
AWDFYNGKDFRIKQCTTVNLEDLVVAHHEMGHIQYFMQYKDLPVALREGANPGFHEAIGD
VLALSVSTPKHLHSLNLLSSEGGSDEHDINFLMKMALDKIAFIPFSYLVDQWRWRVFDGS
ITKENYNQEWWSLRLKYQGLCPPVPRTQGDFDPGAKFHIPSSVPYIRYFVSFIIQFQFHE
ALCQAAGHTGPLHKCDIYQSKEAGQRLATAMKLGFSRPWPEAMQLITGQPNMSASAMLSY
FKPLLDWLRTENELHGEKLGWPQYNWTPNSARSEGPLPDSGRVSFLGLDLDAQQARVGQW
LLLFLGIALLVATLGLSQRLFSIRHRSLHRHSHGPQFGSEVELRHS
Structure
1O86; 1O8A; 1UZE; 1UZF; 2C6F; 2C6N; 2IUL; 2IUX; 2OC2; 2XY9; 2XYD; 2YDM; 3BKK; 3BKL; 3L3N; 3NXQ; 4APH; 4APJ; 4BXK; 4BZR; 4BZS; 4C2N; 4C2O; 4C2P; 4C2Q; 4C2R; 4CA5; 4CA6
Drugs and Mode of Action
Drug(s) Alacepril Drug Info Approved Cardiovascular disorder [551871]
Benazepril Drug Info Approved Hypertension [536361], [541514]
Captopril Drug Info Approved Hypertension [468221], [538272]
Cilazapril Drug Info Approved Congestive heart failure [536361], [541597]
Delapril Drug Info Approved Cardiovascular disorder [536361]
Deserpidine Drug Info Approved Hypertension [538438], [542070]
Enalapril Drug Info Approved Hypertension [536095], [541468]
Enalaprilat Drug Info Approved Hypertension [536361], [541478]
Fosinopril Drug Info Approved Hypertension [536361], [541595]
Hydrochlorothiazide Drug Info Approved Luid retention [468069], [538179]
Imidapril hci Drug Info Approved Cardiovascular disorder [551871]
Lisinopril Drug Info Approved Hypertension [536361], [541501]
Moexipril Drug Info Approved Hypertension [536361], [541695]
Perindopril Drug Info Approved Hypertension [536361], [541508]
Quinapril Drug Info Approved Hypertension [536361], [541494]
Ramipril Drug Info Approved Congestive heart failure; Hypertension [536186], [541484]
Rescinnamine Drug Info Approved Hypertension [538435], [542104]
Spirapril Drug Info Approved Hypertension [536361], [541698]
Temocapril hydrochloride Drug Info Approved Cardiovascular disorder [551871]
Trandolapril Drug Info Approved Hypertension [536095], [541594]
GW-796406 Drug Info Phase 1 Hypotension [527730]
Ilepatril Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 2/3 Hypertension; Renal failure; Heart failure; Diabetic nephropathy [536642]
Ceronapril Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 2 Major depressive disorder [544627]
Idrapril Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 2 Hypertension [545074]
M-100240 Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 2 Hypotension [545322]
METIAPRIL Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 2 Hypotension [545860]
UTIBAPRIL Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 2 Hypertension [544639]
Zabiciprilat Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 2 Hypertension [544560]
GSK 796406 Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 1 Hypertension [549953]
BMS-182657 Drug Info Terminated Cardiovascular disorder [533583]
CGS-30440 Drug Info Terminated Hypertension [534574]
DU-1777 Drug Info Terminated Hypertension [545072]
GW-660511 Drug Info Terminated Hypertension [525698]
NO-antihypertensives Drug Info Terminated Hypertension [546899]
Omapatrilat Drug Info Terminated Hypertension [526007]
SCH-54470 Drug Info Terminated Discovery agent [546391]
SQ-26332 Drug Info Terminated Discovery agent [544625]
Inhibitor 2-(Acetylamino)-2-Deoxy-a-D-Glucopyranose Drug Info [551393]
Acetate Ion Drug Info [551393]
ASTRAGALIN Drug Info [551347]
Benazepril Drug Info [535660], [537572]
BUTEIN Drug Info [530737]
Captopril Drug Info [535533]
Ceronapril Drug Info [526817]
Cilazapril Drug Info [536694]
CONTIGOSIDE B Drug Info [551347]
Deserpidine Drug Info [535714], [537758]
DU-1777 Drug Info [533641]
Enalapril Drug Info [537534]
Enalaprilat Drug Info [535379]
fasidotrilat Drug Info [528270]
Fosinopril Drug Info [537042]
GSK 796406 Drug Info [549997]
Idrapril Drug Info [526807]
Kaempferol-3-O-(2''-O-galloyl)-glucoside Drug Info [551347]
Lisinopril Drug Info [537530]
lisinopril-tryptophan Drug Info [530789]
LY-292223 Drug Info [527383]
METIAPRIL Drug Info [534099]
Moexipril Drug Info [537123]
N-Carboxymethyl-N-cyclopentyl-phthalamic acid Drug Info [533393]
NO-antihypertensives Drug Info [544048]
Perindopril Drug Info [537450]
Quinapril Drug Info [537132]
Ramipril Drug Info [535660]
Rescinnamine Drug Info [536173]
RIP Drug Info [533492]
RJM-0035-K002 Drug Info [543448]
RXP-407 Drug Info [531920]
SCH-54470 Drug Info [530505]
Spirapril Drug Info [536133]
SQ-26332 Drug Info [527799]
Trandolapril Drug Info [537291]
UTIBAPRIL Drug Info [534415]
Zabiciprilat Drug Info [533956]
[Cyclopentyl-(2-nitro-benzoyl)-amino]-acetic acid Drug Info [533393]
Modulator Alacepril Drug Info [534314], [536361]
BMS-182657 Drug Info [533583]
BRL-36378 Drug Info
CGS-30440 Drug Info [534574]
Delapril Drug Info [525822], [528275], [534314], [536361]
GW-660511 Drug Info [525698]
GW-796406 Drug Info [549997]
Hydrochlorothiazide Drug Info [556264]
Ilepatril Drug Info [536642]
Imidapril hci Drug Info [534314], [536361]
M-100240 Drug Info
moexiprilat Drug Info [553173]
Omapatrilat Drug Info [526007]
RB-105 Drug Info
Temocapril hydrochloride Drug Info [534314], [536361]
Target Expression Profile (TEP) and Drug Resistance Mutation (DRM)
TEP EXP Info
Pathways
KEGG Pathway Renin-angiotensin system
Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
PathWhiz Pathway Angiotensin Metabolism
Reactome Metabolism of Angiotensinogen to Angiotensins
WikiPathways ACE Inhibitor Pathway
Metabolism of Angiotensinogen to Angiotensins
References
Ref 468069(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 4836).
Ref 468221(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 5158).
Ref 525698The effects of Z13752A, a combined ACE/NEP inhibitor, on responses to coronary artery occlusion; a primary protective role for bradykinin. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Feb;129(4):671-80.
Ref 526007Omapatrilat, a dual angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase inhibitor, prevents fatty streak deposit in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis. 2001 Apr;155(2):291-5.
Ref 527730Mechanism of vasopeptidase inhibitor-induced plasma extravasation: comparison of omapatrilat and the novel neutral endopeptidase 24.11/angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor GW796406. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Dec;315(3):1306-13. Epub 2005 Sep 6.
Ref 533583Cardiovascular effects of the novel dual inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin-converting enzyme BMS-182657 in experimental hypertension and heart failure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995 Nov;275(2):745-52.
Ref 534574Antihypertensive and natriuretic effects of CGS 30440, a dual inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase 24.11. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Mar;284(3):974-82.
Ref 536095New antiarrhythmic agents for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2005 May;10(2):311-22.
Ref 536186Emerging drugs in peripheral arterial disease. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2006 Mar;11(1):75-90.
Ref 536361Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 2007 Mar;70(3):461-77. Epub 2007 Feb 20.
Ref 536642Ilepatril (AVE-7688), a vasopeptidase inhibitor for the treatment of hypertension. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Mar;9(3):301-9.
Ref 538179FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 040412.
Ref 538272FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 074322.
Ref 538435FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (NDA) 010686.
Ref 538438FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (NDA) 010796.
Ref 541468(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6322).
Ref 541478(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6332).
Ref 541484(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6339).
Ref 541494(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6350).
Ref 541501(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6360).
Ref 541508(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6367).
Ref 541514(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6374).
Ref 541594(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6453).
Ref 541595(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6456).
Ref 541597(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6459).
Ref 541695(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6571).
Ref 541698(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6575).
Ref 542070(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7064).
Ref 542104(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7098).
Ref 544560Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000139)
Ref 544625Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000347)
Ref 544627Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000355)
Ref 544639Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000394)
Ref 545072Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002041)
Ref 545074Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002045)
Ref 545322Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002832)
Ref 545860Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800005081)
Ref 546391Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800007872)
Ref 546899Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800010971)
Ref 549953Mechanism of Vasopeptidase Inhibitor-Induced Plasma Extravasation: Comparison of Omapatrilat and the Novel Neutral Endopeptidase 24.11/Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor GW796406. JPET December 2005 vol. 315 no. 3 1306-1313.
Ref 551871Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
Ref 525698The effects of Z13752A, a combined ACE/NEP inhibitor, on responses to coronary artery occlusion; a primary protective role for bradykinin. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Feb;129(4):671-80.
Ref 525822The influence of natural products upon drug discovery. Nat Prod Rep. 2000 Jun;17(3):215-34.
Ref 526007Omapatrilat, a dual angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase inhibitor, prevents fatty streak deposit in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis. 2001 Apr;155(2):291-5.
Ref 526807Pharmacology of idrapril: a new class of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992 Jul;20(1):139-46.
Ref 526817Radioimmunoassay for ceronapril, a new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy male volunteers. Ther Drug Monit. 1992 Jun;14(3):209-19.
Ref 527383J Med Chem. 2005 Jan 27;48(2):483-98.Endothelin-converting enzyme-1 inhibition and growth of human glioblastoma cells.
Ref 527799J Med Chem. 2005 Oct 20;48(21):6523-43.Designed multiple ligands. An emerging drug discovery paradigm.
Ref 528270Protease inhibitors in the clinic. Med Chem. 2005 Jan;1(1):71-104.
Ref 528275Drug discovery from natural sources. AAPS J. 2006 Apr 14;8(2):E239-53.
Ref 530505J Med Chem. 2010 Jan 14;53(1):208-20.Phosphinic tripeptides as dual angiotensin-converting enzyme C-domain and endothelin-converting enzyme-1 inhibitors.
Ref 530737Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 Mar 15;20(6):1990-3. Epub 2010 Jan 25.The synthesis and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of chalcones and their pyrazole derivatives.
Ref 530789Characterization of domain-selective inhibitor binding in angiotensin-converting enzyme using a novel derivative of lisinopril. Biochem J. 2010 Apr 28;428(1):67-74.
Ref 531920New ketomethylene inhibitor analogues: synthesis and assessment of structural determinants for N-domain selective inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Biol Chem. 2012 May;393(6):485-93.
Ref 533393J Med Chem. 1985 Mar;28(3):328-32.Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. (Mercaptoaroyl)amino acids.
Ref 533492J Med Chem. 1985 Nov;28(11):1553-5.Difluorostatine- and difluorostatone-containing peptides as potent and specific renin inhibitors.
Ref 533583Cardiovascular effects of the novel dual inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin-converting enzyme BMS-182657 in experimental hypertension and heart failure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995 Nov;275(2):745-52.
Ref 533641Antihypertensive properties of a new long-acting angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in renin-dependent and independent hypertensive models. Arzneimittelforschung. 1995 Aug;45(8):853-8.
Ref 533956Enzyme immunoassays for a new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, zabicipril, and its active metabolite in human plasma: application to pharmacokinetic studies. Ther Drug Monit. 1993 Oct;15(5):448-54.
Ref 534099The clinical efficacy of the first Russian angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor methiopril in patients with heart failure. Klin Med (Mosk). 1995;73(3):49-51.
Ref 534314Natural products in drug discovery and development. J Nat Prod. 1997 Jan;60(1):52-60.
Ref 534415Differential inhibition of plasma versus tissue ACE by utibapril: biochemical and functional evidence for inhibition of vascular ACE activity. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1997 May;29(5):684-91.
Ref 534574Antihypertensive and natriuretic effects of CGS 30440, a dual inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase 24.11. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Mar;284(3):974-82.
Ref 535379Analysis of Vancomycin in the Hindlimb Vascular Bed of the Rat. Am J Ther. 1996 Oct;3(10):681-687.
Ref 535533Using ACE inhibitors appropriately. Am Fam Physician. 2002 Aug 1;66(3):461-8.
Ref 535660Knockouts model the 100 best-selling drugs--will they model the next 100? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003 Jan;2(1):38-51.
Ref 535714Angiotensin II-induced modulation of endothelium-dependent relaxation in rabbit mesenteric resistance arteries. J Physiol. 2003 May 1;548(Pt 3):893-906. Epub 2003 Mar 21.
Ref 536133Central angiotensin II controls alcohol consumption via its AT1 receptor. FASEB J. 2005 Sep;19(11):1474-81.
Ref 536173Colorimetric determination of indolic drugs. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2005 Apr;18(2):48-51.
Ref 536361Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 2007 Mar;70(3):461-77. Epub 2007 Feb 20.
Ref 536642Ilepatril (AVE-7688), a vasopeptidase inhibitor for the treatment of hypertension. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Mar;9(3):301-9.
Ref 536694Triple pharmacological blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in nondiabetic CKD: an open-label crossover randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008 Sep;52(3):486-93. Epub 2008Apr 18.
Ref 537042Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and novel cardiovascular risk biomarkers: results from the Trial of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factors (TRAIN) study. Am Heart J. 2009 Feb;157(2):334.e1-8.
Ref 537123Moexipril for Treatment of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis in Patients with an Incomplete Response to Ursodeoxycholic Acid. Dig Dis Sci. 2009 Mar 3.
Ref 537132An experimental model of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis. Perit Dial Int. 2009 Feb;29 Suppl 2:S49-50.
Ref 537291Selective reduction of central pulse pressure under angiotensin blockage in SHR: role of the fibronectin-alpha5beta1 integrin complex. Am J Hypertens. 2009 Jul;22(7):711-7. Epub 2009 May 7.
Ref 537450Fixed combination perindopril-amlodipine (Coveram) in the treatment of hypertension and coronary heart disease. Rev Med Liege. 2009 Apr;64(4):223-7.
Ref 537530Involvement of vascular angiotensin II-forming enzymes in the progression of aortic abdominal aneurysms in angiotensin II- infused ApoE-deficient mice. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2009 Jun;16(3):164-71. Epub 2009 Jun 25.
Ref 537534Determination of bezafibrate, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, orlistat and enalapril in waste and surface waters using on-line solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography coupled to polarity-switching electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Environ Monit. 2009 Apr;11(4):830-8. Epub 2009 Jan 21.
Ref 537572Efficacy of Benazepril Hydrochloride to Delay the Progression of Occult Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinschers. J Vet Intern Med. 2009 Jul 1.
Ref 537758Drug interaction exposures in an ambulatory Medicaid population. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1979 Jul;36(7):923-7.
Ref 543448(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Target id: 1613).
Ref 544048Molecular determinants of cAMP-mediated regulation of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger expressed in human cell lines. J Physiol. 2003 May 1; 548(Pt 3): 677-689.
Ref 549997Mechanism of vasopeptidase inhibitor-induced plasma extravasation: comparison of omapatrilat and the novel neutral endopeptidase 24.11/angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor GW796406. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Dec;315(3):1306-13.
Ref 551347Inhibitory effects of various flavonoids isolated from leaves of persimmon on angiotensin-converting enzyme activity. J Nat Prod. 1987 Jul-Aug;50(4):680-3.
Ref 551393How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6.
Ref 553173Moexipril, a new angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor: pharmacological characterization and comparison with enalapril. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995 Nov;275(2):854-63.
Ref 556264Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.

If You Find Any Error in Data or Bug in Web Service, Please Kindly Report It to Dr. Zhou and Dr. Zhang.