Target Information
Target General Infomation | |||||
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Target ID |
T02001
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Former ID |
TTDS00499
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Target Name |
Type IV phosphodiesterase
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Gene Name |
PDE4D
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Synonyms |
DPDE3; PDE43; PDE4D
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Target Type |
Clinical Trial
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Disease | Asthma; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [ICD9: 490-492, 493, 494-496; ICD10: J40-J44, J47, J45] | ||||
Atopic dermatitis [ICD9: 691.8, 692.9; ICD10: L00-L99] | |||||
Allergy [ICD9: 995.3; ICD10: T78.4] | |||||
Asthma [ICD10: J45] | |||||
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [ICD9: 490-492, 494-496; ICD10: J40-J44, J47] | |||||
Cognitive disorders [ICD9: 290-294, 294.0, 780.09, 780.9, 780.93; ICD10: F01-F07, F04, F05, R41.3] | |||||
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma [ICD9: 202.1, 202.2; ICD10: C84.0, C84.1] | |||||
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia [ICD10: C91] | |||||
Crohn's disease [ICD9: 555; ICD10: K50] | |||||
Glomerulonephritis [ICD9: 580-582; ICD10: N00, N01, N03, N18] | |||||
Huntington's disease [ICD9: 294.1, 333.4; ICD10: F02.2, G10] | |||||
Inflammatory disease [ICD9: 140-229, 147, 173, 573.3, 710-719; ICD10: C11, C44, K75.9, M00-M25] | |||||
Lung inflammation [ICD10: D86] | |||||
Mood disorder [ICD10: F30-F39] | |||||
Multiple scierosis [ICD9: 340; ICD10: G35] | |||||
Psoriasis [ICD9: 696; ICD10: L40] | |||||
Peripheral vascular disease [ICD9: 443.9; ICD10: I73.9] | |||||
Parkinson's disease [ICD9: 332; ICD10: G20] | |||||
Rhinitis [ICD9: 472.0, 477; ICD10: J00, J30, J31.0] | |||||
Rheumatoid arthritis [ICD9: 710-719, 714; ICD10: M05-M06] | |||||
Respiratory tract inflammation [ICD10: J00-J99] | |||||
Xerophthalmia [ICD10: E50.6-E50.7] | |||||
Function |
Regulates the levels of camp inthe cell.
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BioChemical Class |
Phosphoric diester hydrolases
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Target Validation |
T02001
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UniProt ID | |||||
EC Number |
EC 3.1.4.17
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Sequence |
MEAEGSSAPARAGSGEGSDSAGGATLKAPKHLWRHEQHHQYPLRQPQFRLLHPHHHLPPP
PPPSPQPQPQCPLQPPPPPPLPPPPPPPGAARGRYASSGATGRVRHRGYSDTERYLYCRA MDRTSYAVETGHRPGLKKSRMSWPSSFQGLRRFDVDNGTSAGRSPLDPMTSPGSGLILQA NFVHSQRRESFLYRSDSDYDLSPKSMSRNSSIASDIHGDDLIVTPFAQVLASLRTVRNNF AALTNLQDRAPSKRSPMCNQPSINKATITEEAYQKLASETLEELDWCLDQLETLQTRHSV SEMASNKFKRMLNRELTHLSEMSRSGNQVSEFISNTFLDKQHEVEIPSPTQKEKEKKKRP MSQISGVKKLMHSSSLTNSSIPRFGVKTEQEDVLAKELEDVNKWGLHVFRIAELSGNRPL TVIMHTIFQERDLLKTFKIPVDTLITYLMTLEDHYHADVAYHNNIHAADVVQSTHVLLST PALEAVFTDLEILAAIFASAIHDVDHPGVSNQFLINTNSELALMYNDSSVLENHHLAVGF KLLQEENCDIFQNLTKKQRQSLRKMVIDIVLATDMSKHMNLLADLKTMVETKKVTSSGVL LLDNYSDRIQVLQNMVHCADLSNPTKPLQLYRQWTDRIMEEFFRQGDRERERGMEISPMC DKHNASVEKSQVGFIDYIVHPLWETWADLVHPDAQDILDTLEDNREWYQSTIPQSPSPAP DDPEEGRQGQTEKFQFELTLEEDGESDTEKDSGSQVEEDTSCSDSKTLCTQDSESTEIPL DEQVEEEAVGEEEESQPEACVIDDRSPDT |
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Drugs and Mode of Action | |||||
Drug(s) | DENBUFYLLINE | Drug Info | Phase 3 | Cognitive disorders | [525628] |
SOTB07 | Drug Info | Phase 3 | Asthma | [524380] | |
AN-2898 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Atopic dermatitis | [523369] | |
AWD-12-281 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Rhinitis | [521859] | |
CC-1088 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Crohn's disease | [521533] | |
GPD-1116 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Asthma | [529143] | |
HT-0712 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Cognitive disorders | [547671] | |
LIRIMILAST | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [551720] | |
MK-0873 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Psoriasis | [521664] | |
Oglemilast | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Asthma | [522312] | |
OX-914 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Asthma | [522443] | |
Piclamilast | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Rheumatoid arthritis | [525937] | |
Revamilast | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Asthma | [523630] | |
ROLIPRAM | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Discovery agent | [521483], [540724] | |
TA-7906 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Atopic dermatitis | [548322] | |
TOFIMILAST | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [521675] | |
AVE-8112 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Parkinson's disease | [524229] | |
GSK-356278 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Huntington's disease | [522890] | |
MEM-1414 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Mood disorder | [551843] | |
Ronomilast | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [547206] | |
CDP840 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [545388] | |
CI-1018 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Asthma | [546735] | |
Daxalipram | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Multiple scierosis | [547377] | |
KW-4490 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Asthma | [547542] | |
LAS-37779 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Psoriasis | [548191] | |
V-11294A | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Asthma | [547058] | |
D-4418 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 1 | Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma | [546370] | |
SCH-351591 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 1 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [546885] | |
YM-976 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 1 | Asthma | [540755], [546870] | |
D-22888 | Drug Info | Terminated | Allergy | [546267] | |
GW-3600 | Drug Info | Terminated | Asthma | [546122] | |
NIK-616 | Drug Info | Terminated | Asthma; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [547892] | |
TJN-598 | Drug Info | Terminated | Glomerulonephritis | [531152] | |
Torbafylline | Drug Info | Terminated | Peripheral vascular disease | [532864] | |
ZAPRINAST | Drug Info | Terminated | Discovery agent | [539935], [544527] | |
Inhibitor | 1-(3,4-DIMETHOXYBENZYL)-6,7-DIMETHOXYISOQUINOLINE | Drug Info | [551374] | ||
1-Butyl-3-methyl-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione | Drug Info | [526756] | |||
1-Methyl-3-propyl-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione | Drug Info | [526756] | |||
3-Isobutyl-1-methyl-3,9-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione | Drug Info | [533395] | |||
3-ISOBUTYL-1-METHYLXANTHINE | Drug Info | [551374] | |||
AN-2898 | Drug Info | [532329] | |||
ASP-3258 | Drug Info | [543406] | |||
AVE-8112 | Drug Info | [544367] | |||
AWD-12-281 | Drug Info | [527926] | |||
CC-1088 | Drug Info | [534801] | |||
CD-160130 | Drug Info | [543406] | |||
CDP840 | Drug Info | [527742] | |||
CHF-5480 | Drug Info | [543406] | |||
CI-1018 | Drug Info | [527082] | |||
D-4418 | Drug Info | [529616] | |||
Daxalipram | Drug Info | [532832] | |||
DENBUFYLLINE | Drug Info | [526336] | |||
GPD-1116 | Drug Info | [529143] | |||
GSK-356278 | Drug Info | [532759] | |||
GW-3600 | Drug Info | [534617] | |||
HT-0712 | Drug Info | [543406] | |||
KF-66490 | Drug Info | [529747] | |||
KW-4490 | Drug Info | [529433] | |||
L-454560 | Drug Info | [531102] | |||
L-869298 | Drug Info | [528081] | |||
LAS-37779 | Drug Info | [548192] | |||
LIRIMILAST | Drug Info | [551871] | |||
MEM-1414 | Drug Info | [533010] | |||
MK-0873 | Drug Info | [529356] | |||
NIK-616 | Drug Info | [550628] | |||
OCID-2987 | Drug Info | [543406] | |||
Oglemilast | Drug Info | [544060] | |||
OX-914 | Drug Info | [549827] | |||
PDE4 inhibitors | Drug Info | [543406] | |||
PDE4 inhibitors | Drug Info | [543406] | |||
Piclamilast | Drug Info | [551373] | |||
Revamilast | Drug Info | [550161] | |||
ROLIPRAM | Drug Info | [530753] | |||
Ronomilast | Drug Info | [550312] | |||
RS-25344 | Drug Info | [534698] | |||
SCH-351591 | Drug Info | [526350] | |||
SOTB07 | Drug Info | [543406] | |||
TA-7906 | Drug Info | [526360] | |||
TAS-203 | Drug Info | [543406] | |||
TJN-598 | Drug Info | [531152] | |||
TOFIMILAST | Drug Info | [551871] | |||
UCB-101333-3 | Drug Info | [527990] | |||
V-11294A | Drug Info | [526464] | |||
YM-976 | Drug Info | [551871] | |||
ZAPRINAST | Drug Info | [527441] | |||
Modulator | AL-59640 | Drug Info | [543406] | ||
CH-3697 | Drug Info | [543406] | |||
D-22888 | Drug Info | [534736] | |||
Torbafylline | Drug Info | [532864] | |||
ZL-N-91 | Drug Info | [543406] | |||
Pathways | |||||
KEGG Pathway | Purine metabolism | ||||
cAMP signaling pathway | |||||
Morphine addiction | |||||
PathWhiz Pathway | Purine Metabolism | ||||
Reactome | DARPP-32 events | ||||
G alpha (s) signalling events | |||||
WikiPathways | G Protein Signaling Pathways | ||||
Myometrial Relaxation and Contraction Pathways | |||||
TSH signaling pathway | |||||
References | |||||
Ref 521483 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00011375) Rolipram to Treat Multiple Sclerosis. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | ||||
Ref 521533 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00045786) Study to Determine the Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of CC-1088 in the Treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndromes. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | ||||
Ref 521664 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00132730) An Investigational Drug Study In Patients With COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) (MK-0873-005). U.S. National Institutes of Health. | ||||
Ref 521675 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00150397) A Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Tofimilast in Adult Asthmatics. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | ||||
Ref 521859 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00354510) Topical GW842470X In Adults Patients With Moderate Atopic Dermatitis. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | ||||
Ref 522312 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00671073) Study To Assess Efficacy and Safety of Oglemilast in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). U.S. National Institutes of Health. | ||||
Ref 522443 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00758446) Efficacy and Safety Study of BLX-028914 in Subjects With Allergic Rhinitis. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | ||||
Ref 522890 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01031186) First Time in Human Study. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | ||||
Ref 523369 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01301508) Efficacy and Safety of AN2898 and AN2728 Topical Ointments to Treat Mild-to-Moderate Atopic Dermatitis. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | ||||
Ref 523630 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01436890) A Clinical Trial to Study the Effects of Revamilast in Patients With Chronic Persistent Asthma. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | ||||
Ref 524229 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01803945) A Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of AVE8112 in Patients With Parkinson's Disease. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | ||||
Ref 524380 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01907763) Study Phase III Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of SOTB07 in Asthma Patients. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | ||||
Ref 525628 | Denbufylline in dementia: a double-blind controlled study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 1999 Nov-Dec;10(6):505-10. | ||||
Ref 525937 | Effect of food and gender on the pharmacokinetics of RP 73401, a phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Dec;38(12):588-94. | ||||
Ref 529143 | Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor GPD-1116 markedly attenuates the development of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in senescence-accelerated mice P1 strain. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2008 Feb;294(2):L196-204. Epub 2007 Nov 9. | ||||
Ref 531152 | Effects of TJN-598, a new selective phosphodiesterase type IV inhibitor on anti-Thy1 nephritis in rats. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2011 Feb;15(1):14-24. | ||||
Ref 532864 | Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor torbafylline (HWA 448) attenuates burn-induced rat skeletal muscle proteolysis through the PDE4/cAMP/EPAC/PI3K/Akt pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2014 Aug 5;393(1-2):152-63. | ||||
Ref 539935 | (http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2919). | ||||
Ref 540724 | (http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 5260). | ||||
Ref 540755 | (http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 5292). | ||||
Ref 544527 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000060) | ||||
Ref 545388 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003087) | ||||
Ref 546122 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800006447) | ||||
Ref 546267 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800007179) | ||||
Ref 546370 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800007757) | ||||
Ref 546735 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800010034) | ||||
Ref 546870 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800010783) | ||||
Ref 546885 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800010874) | ||||
Ref 547058 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800012597) | ||||
Ref 547206 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800013990) | ||||
Ref 547377 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800015672) | ||||
Ref 547542 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800017153) | ||||
Ref 547671 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800018324) | ||||
Ref 547892 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800020194) | ||||
Ref 548191 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800022894) | ||||
Ref 548322 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800024588) | ||||
Ref 526336 | J Med Chem. 2002 May 23;45(11):2342-5.Pyrazolopyrimidine-2,4-dione sulfonamides: novel and selective calcitonin inducers. | ||||
Ref 526350 | Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2002 Jun 17;12(12):1621-3.Synthesis and profile of SCH351591, a novel PDE4 inhibitor. | ||||
Ref 526360 | Potential role of phosphodiesterase 7 in human T cell function: comparative effects of two phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Clin Exp Immunol. 2002 Jun;128(3):460-6. | ||||
Ref 526464 | Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile following oral administration of the phosphodiesterase (PDE)4 inhibitor V11294A in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Nov;54(5):478-84. | ||||
Ref 526756 | J Med Chem. 1992 Oct 30;35(22):4039-44.Effects of alkyl substitutions of xanthine skeleton on bronchodilation. | ||||
Ref 527082 | Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004 Jun 21;14(12):3303-6.New substituted triaza-benzo[cd]azulen-9-ones as promising phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors. | ||||
Ref 527441 | J Med Chem. 2005 Feb 24;48(4):1237-43.8-Substituted analogues of 3-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-8-isopropyl-adenine: highly potent and selective PDE4 inhibitors. | ||||
Ref 527742 | Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 Dec 1;15(23):5241-6. Epub 2005 Sep 15.Discovery of a substituted 8-arylquinoline series of PDE4 inhibitors: structure-activity relationship, optimization, and identification of a highly potent, well tolerated, PDE4 inhibitor. | ||||
Ref 527926 | The phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor AWD 12-281 is active in a new guinea-pig model of allergic skin inflammation predictive of human skin penetration and suppresses both Th1 and Th2 cytokines in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2005 Dec;57(12):1609-17. | ||||
Ref 527990 | Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006 Apr 1;16(7):1834-9. Epub 2006 Jan 24.First dual M3 antagonists-PDE4 inhibitors: synthesis and SAR of 4,6-diaminopyrimidine derivatives. | ||||
Ref 528081 | J Med Chem. 2006 Mar 23;49(6):1867-73.Enantiomer discrimination illustrated by the high resolution crystal structures of type 4 phosphodiesterase. | ||||
Ref 529143 | Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor GPD-1116 markedly attenuates the development of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in senescence-accelerated mice P1 strain. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2008 Feb;294(2):L196-204. Epub 2007 Nov 9. | ||||
Ref 529356 | MK-0873, a PDE4 inhibitor, does not influence the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy male volunteers. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2008;21(3):573-7. | ||||
Ref 529433 | Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of KW-4490, a selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor: difference in excretion of KW-4490 and acylglucuronide metabolites between rats and cynomolgus monkeys. Xenobiotica. 2008 May;38(5):511-26. | ||||
Ref 529616 | Can the anti-inflammatory potential of PDE4 inhibitors be realized: guarded optimism or wishful thinking. Br J Pharmacol. 2008 Oct;155(3):288-90. | ||||
Ref 529747 | Effect of orally administered KF66490, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, on dermatitis in mouse models. Int Immunopharmacol. 2009 Jan;9(1):55-62. | ||||
Ref 530753 | Bioorg Med Chem. 2010 Mar 15;18(6):2204-18. Epub 2010 Feb 8.In silico search for multi-target anti-inflammatories in Chinese herbs and formulas. | ||||
Ref 531102 | Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 Sep 15;20(18):5502-5. Epub 2010 Jul 21.The discovery and synthesis of highly potent subtype selective phosphodiesterase 4D inhibitors. | ||||
Ref 531152 | Effects of TJN-598, a new selective phosphodiesterase type IV inhibitor on anti-Thy1 nephritis in rats. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2011 Feb;15(1):14-24. | ||||
Ref 532329 | An assessment of the genetic toxicology of novel boron-containing therapeutic agents. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2013 Jun;54(5):338-46. | ||||
Ref 532759 | GSK356278, a potent, selective, brain-penetrant phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor that demonstrates anxiolytic and cognition-enhancing effects without inducing side effects in preclinical species. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2014 Jul;350(1):153-63. | ||||
Ref 532832 | Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 reduces ethanol intake and preference in C57BL/6J mice. Front Neurosci. 2014 May 27;8:129. | ||||
Ref 532864 | Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor torbafylline (HWA 448) attenuates burn-induced rat skeletal muscle proteolysis through the PDE4/cAMP/EPAC/PI3K/Akt pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2014 Aug 5;393(1-2):152-63. | ||||
Ref 533010 | The effect of the novel phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor MEM 1414 on the allergen induced responses in mild asthma. BMC Pulm Med. 2014 Oct 28;14:166. | ||||
Ref 533395 | J Med Chem. 1985 May;28(5):537-45.A new generation of phosphodiesterase inhibitors: multiple molecular forms of phosphodiesterase and the potential for drug selectivity. | ||||
Ref 534617 | Dual inhibition of human type 4 phosphodiesterase isostates by (R, R)-(+/-)-methyl 3-acetyl-4-[3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl]-3- methyl-1-pyrrolidinecarboxylate. Biochemistry. 1998 May 12;37(19):6894-904. | ||||
Ref 534698 | Comparison of recombinant human PDE4 isoforms: interaction with substrate and inhibitors. Cell Signal. 1998 Jun;10(6):427-40. | ||||
Ref 534736 | Effects of a selective PDE4 inhibitor, D-22888, on human airways and eosinophils in vitro and late phase allergic pulmonary eosinophilia in guinea pigs. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Feb;11(1):13-21. | ||||
Ref 543406 | (http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Target id: 1303). | ||||
Ref 544060 | Can the anti-inflammatory potential of PDE4 inhibitors be realized: guarded optimism or wishful thinking?. Br J Pharmacol. 2008 October; 155(3): 288-290. | ||||
Ref 544367 | Therapy for Parkinson's Disease: What is in the Pipeline?. Neurotherapeutics. 2014 January; 11(1): 24-33. | ||||
Ref 548192 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800022894) | ||||
Ref 550161 | WO patent application no. 2012,1109,46, Pharmaceutical composition comprising the pde4 enzyme inhibitor revamilast and a disease modifying agent, preferably methotrexate . |
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