Target Information

Target General Infomation
Target ID
T12475
Former ID
TTDS00273
Target Name
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor
Gene Name
GNRHR
Synonyms
GnRH receptor; GnRH-R; Gonadotrophin releasing hormone receptor; Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor; GNRHR
Target Type
Successful
Disease Acute lymphoblastic leukemia [ICD9: 204.0, 556; ICD10: C91.0]
Advanced prostate cancer [ICD9: 185; ICD10: C61]
Controlled ovarian stimulation [ICD9: 183; ICD10: C56]
Cancer [ICD9: 140-229; ICD10: C00-C96]
Esophageal cancer [ICD9: 150; ICD10: C15]
Endometriosis [ICD9: 617; ICD10: N80]
Female infertility [ICD9: 628; ICD10: N97.0]
Hormone deficiency [ICD10: E00-E90]
Hypothalamic hypogonadism [ICD9: 257.2; ICD10: E23.0, E28.3, E29.1]
Ovulation [ICD9: 256; ICD10: E28]
Prostate hyperplasia [ICD10: N40]
Prostate disease [ICD10: N42.9]
Prostate cancer [ICD9: 185; ICD10: C61]
Uterine leiomyoma [ICD9: 218.9; ICD10: D25]
Unspecified [ICD code not available]
Function
Receptor for gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) that mediates the action of GnRH to stimulate the secretion of the gonadotropic hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH). This receptor mediates its action by association with G-proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol- calcium second messenger system. Isoform 2 may act as an inhibitor of GnRH-R signaling.
BioChemical Class
GPCR rhodopsin
Target Validation
T12475
UniProt ID
P30968
Sequence
MANSASPEQNQNHCSAINNSIPLMQGNLPTLTLSGKIRVTVTFFLFLLSATFNASFLLKL
QKWTQKKEKGKKLSRMKLLLKHLTLANLLETLIVMPLDGMWNITVQWYAGELLCKVLSYL
KLFSMYAPAFMMVVISLDRSLAITRPLALKSNSKVGQSMVGLAWILSSVFAGPQLYIFRM
IHLADSSGQTKVFSQCVTHCSFSQWWHQAFYNFFTFSCLFIIPLFIMLICNAKIIFTLTR
VLHQDPHELQLNQSKNNIPRARLKTLKMTVAFATSFTVCWTPYYVLGIWYWFDPEMLNRL
SDPVNHFFFLFAFLNPCFDPLIYGYFSL
Drugs and Mode of Action
Drug(s) Abarelix Drug Info Approved Advanced prostate cancer [536321], [538699]
Cetrorelix Drug Info Approved Controlled ovarian stimulation [536772], [538702]
DEGARELIX Drug Info Approved Prostate cancer [523763], [540953]
Ganirelix Drug Info Approved Ovulation [536361], [540526]
Gonadorelin Drug Info Approved Hypothalamic hypogonadism [467710], [536361]
Leuprorelin acetate Drug Info Approved Prostate cancer [550527]
Nafarelin Drug Info Approved Endometriosis [536361], [540540]
Triptoreline Drug Info Phase 4 Prostate cancer [522253]
AEZS-108 Drug Info Phase 3 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia [524186]
Elagolix Drug Info Phase 3 Uterine leiomyoma [523945], [543088]
GnRH Drug Info Phase 3 Female infertility [551890]
ACYLINE Drug Info Phase 2 Prostate cancer [524775]
ASP-1707 Drug Info Phase 2 Endometriosis [524185]
KLH-2109 Drug Info Phase 2 Endometriosis [523797]
Ozarelix Drug Info Phase 2 Prostate disease [531030]
TAK-385 Drug Info Phase 2 Endometriosis [540954], [548740]
PEP-223/CoVaccine HT Drug Info Phase 1/2 Prostate cancer [522656]
Antide Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 2 Prostate hyperplasia [540520], [544731]
Gonadimmune Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 2 Prostate cancer [546282]
TAK-013 Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 2 Uterine leiomyoma [538696], [547550]
A-75998 Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 1 Hormone deficiency [545556]
NBI-42902 Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 1 Prostate cancer [538691], [547161]
Prostate cancer vaccine Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 1 Prostate cancer [547213]
Ramorelix Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 1 Esophageal cancer [546504]
D-21775 Drug Info Terminated Cancer [545437]
D-26344 Drug Info Terminated Cancer [547135]
Modulator (allosteric modulator) 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)-amiloride Drug Info [529377]
Antagonist A-75998 Drug Info [533603]
AEZS-115 Drug Info [543648]
antarelix Drug Info [534464]
Antide Drug Info [528803]
ASP-1707 Drug Info [549125]
Cetrorelix Drug Info [536250], [537161]
CMPD-1 Drug Info [526554]
Elagolix Drug Info [533106]
FD-1 Drug Info [529377]
Ganirelix Drug Info [536439]
IN-3 Drug Info [526374]
LXT-101 Drug Info [528301]
Ramorelix Drug Info [534062]
TAK-385 Drug Info [551717]
[125I]cetrorelix Drug Info [525830]
[3H]NBI-49202 Drug Info [528389]
Modulator Abarelix Drug Info [556264]
AEZS-108 Drug Info [525681]
D-21775 Drug Info [543648]
detirelix Drug Info
GnRH Drug Info [543648]
Gonadimmune Drug Info [526646]
Org-30850 Drug Info
Ozarelix Drug Info [531030]
Triptoreline Drug Info [528589]
Inhibitor ACYLINE Drug Info [528769]
AN-207 Drug Info [543648]
AZALINE B Drug Info [528769]
Azaline B derivative Drug Info [527564]
D-26344 Drug Info [545436]
DEGARELIX Drug Info [527646]
LHRH Drug Info [534724]
NBI-42902 Drug Info [536933]
PGlu-His-Trp-Ser-His-D-Tyr-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2 Drug Info [527975]
PGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2 Drug Info [527975]
T-98475 Drug Info [529431]
TAK-013 Drug Info [529431]
WAY-207024 Drug Info [530791]
[4Aph(CO-(C2H4O)3-C2H4-NH-CO-NH-OCH3)5]degarelix Drug Info [528235]
[4Aph(CO-NH-(C2H4O)2-C2H5)5]degarelix Drug Info [528235]
[4Aph(CO-NH-OCH3)5,D-4Aph(CO-NH-OCH3)6]degarelix Drug Info [528235]
[4Aph(CO-NH-OCH3)5]degarelix Drug Info [528235]
[4Aph(CO-NH-OH)5]degarelix Drug Info [528235]
[D-4Aph(CO-NH-(C2H4O)2-C2H5)6]degarelix Drug Info [528235]
[D-4Aph(CO-NH-OCH3)6]degarelix Drug Info [528235]
[D-4Aph(CO-NH-OH)6]degarelix Drug Info [528235]
[D-Dab(CO-NH-OCH3)3]degarelix Drug Info [528235]
[D-Dab(CO-NH-OH)3]degarelix Drug Info [528235]
[D-Dap(CO-NH-OCH3)3]degarelix Drug Info [528235]
[D-Dap(CO-NH-OH)3]degarelix Drug Info [528235]
[D-Gln3,D-Ncy(isopropyl)7]acyline Drug Info [528769]
[D-Gln3,D-Ncy(SO,isopropyl)7]acyline Drug Info [528769]
[D-Gln3,D-Ncy(SO2,isopropyl)7]acyline Drug Info [528769]
[D-Gln3,Ncy(isopropyl)7]acyline Drug Info [528769]
[D-Gln3,Ncy(SO,isopropyl)7]acyline Drug Info [528769]
[D-Gln3,Ncy(SO2,isopropyl)7]acyline Drug Info [528769]
[D-Ncy(2-naphthyl)1]acyline Drug Info [528769]
[D-Ncy(isopropyl)7]acyline Drug Info [528769]
[D-Ncy(methyl)10] acyline Drug Info [528769]
[D-Ncy(methyl)4]acyline Drug Info [528769]
[D-Ncy(SO,isopropyl)7]acyline Drug Info [528769]
[D-Ncy(SO,methyl)10]acyline Drug Info [528769]
[D-Ncy(SO,methyl)4]acyline Drug Info [528769]
[Ncy(2-naphthyl)1]acyline Drug Info [528769]
[Ncy(isopropyl)7]acyline Drug Info [528769]
[Ncy(methyl)10]acyline Drug Info [528769]
[Ncy(methyl)4]acyline Drug Info [528769]
[Ncy(SO,isopropyl)7]acyline Drug Info [528769]
[Ncy(SO,methyl)10]acyline Drug Info [528769]
[Ncy(SO,methyl)4]acyline Drug Info [528769]
Agonist Gonadorelin Drug Info [536360]
KLH-2109 Drug Info [550310]
Leuprorelin acetate Drug Info [551717]
Nafarelin Drug Info [537095]
Target Expression Profile (TEP) and Drug Resistance Mutation (DRM)
TEP EXP Info
Pathways
KEGG Pathway Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction
GnRH signaling pathway
NetPath Pathway IL1 Signaling Pathway
IL2 Signaling Pathway
PANTHER Pathway Heterotrimeric G-protein signaling pathway-Gq alpha and Go alpha mediated pathway
Reactome Hormone ligand-binding receptors
G alpha (q) signalling events
WikiPathways Gastrin-CREB signalling pathway via PKC and MAPK
Peptide GPCRs
GPCR ligand binding
GPCR downstream signaling
GPCRs, Other
References
Ref 467710(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 4391).
Ref 522253ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00633347) Use of Antagonist Versus Agonist GnRH in Oocyte Recipient Endometrium Preparation. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Ref 522656ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00895466) Efficacy and Safety Study of the Therapeutic Vaccine PEP223 in Prostate Cancer Patients. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Ref 523763ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01512472) Firmagon (Degarelix) Intermittent Therapy. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Ref 523797ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01533532) A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Study of KLH-2109 in Patients With Endometriosis (2). U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Ref 523945ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01620528) A Clinical Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Elagolix in Subjects With Moderate to Severe Endometriosis-Associated Pain. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Ref 524185ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01767090) A Study to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Different Doses of ASP1707 Compared to Placebo for Endometriosis Associated Pelvic Pain. U.S. National Institutes ofHealth.
Ref 524186ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01767155) Study Comparing AEZS-108/ZoptEC (Zoptarelin Doxorubicin in Endometrial Cancer) to Doxorubicin as a Second Line Therapy of Endometrial Cancer. U.S. National Institutesof Health.
Ref 524775ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02147964) ITT-5 Mechanisms of Spermatogenesis. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Ref 531030Ozarelix, a fourth generation GnRH antagonist, induces apoptosis in hormone refractory androgen receptor negative prostate cancer cells modulating expression and activity of death receptors. Prostate. 2010 Sep 1;70(12):1340-9.
Ref 536321Abarelix for injectable suspension: first-in-class gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist for prostate cancer. Future Oncol. 2006 Dec;2(6):677-96.
Ref 536361Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 2007 Mar;70(3):461-77. Epub 2007 Feb 20.
Ref 536772New drugs in development for the treatment of endometriosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Aug;17(8):1187-202.
Ref 538691(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 1178).
Ref 538696(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 1185).
Ref 538699(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 1188).
Ref 538702(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 1190).
Ref 540520(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 3854).
Ref 540526(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 3877).
Ref 540540(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 3902).
Ref 540953(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 5585).
Ref 540954(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 5586).
Ref 543088(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 8362).
Ref 544731Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000763)
Ref 545437Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003256)
Ref 545556Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003694)
Ref 546282Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800007230)
Ref 546504Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800008630)
Ref 547135Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800013297)
Ref 547161Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800013539)
Ref 547213Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800014087)
Ref 547550Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800017215)
Ref 548740Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800028257)
Ref 550527Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
Ref 551890Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Ref 525681Stability of cytotoxic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone conjugate (AN-152) containing doxorubicin 14-O-hemiglutarate in mouse and human serum in vitro: implications for the design of preclinicalstudies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Jan 18;97(2):829-34.
Ref 525830Residues within transmembrane helices 2 and 5 of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor contribute to agonist and antagonist binding. Mol Endocrinol. 2000 Jul;14(7):1099-115.
Ref 526374Rescue of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism-causing and manufactured GnRH receptor mutants by a specific protein-folding template: misrouted proteins as a novel disease etiology and therapeutic target. JClin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jul;87(7):3255-62.
Ref 526554Biological characterization of a novel, orally active small molecule gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist using castrated and intact rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 May;305(2):688-95. Epub 2003 Jan 24.
Ref 526646A novel retro-inverso gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) immunogen elicits antibodies that neutralize the activity of native GnRH. Endocrinology. 2003 Jul;144(7):3262-9.
Ref 527564Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 Jun 2;15(11):2894-7.Synthesis, in vivo and in vitro biological activity of novel azaline B analogs.
Ref 527646J Med Chem. 2005 Jul 28;48(15):4851-60.Iterative approach to the discovery of novel degarelix analogues: substitutions at positions 3, 7, and 8. Part II.
Ref 527975J Med Chem. 2006 Jan 26;49(2):637-47.Overlapping, nonidentical binding sites of different classes of nonpeptide antagonists for the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor.
Ref 528235J Med Chem. 2006 Jun 15;49(12):3536-43.Novel analogues of degarelix incorporating hydroxy-, methoxy-, and pegylated-urea moieties at positions 3, 5, 6 and the N-terminus. Part III.
Ref 528301Regul Pept. 2006 Sep 11;136(1-3):122-9. Epub 2006 Jul 10.In vivo characterization of a novel GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) antagonist, LXT-101, in normal male rats.
Ref 528389Kinetics of nonpeptide antagonist binding to the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor: Implications for structure-activity relationships and insurmountable antagonism. Biochem Pharmacol. 2006 Sep 28;72(7):838-49. Epub 2006 Aug 22.
Ref 528589Regulation of GnRH I receptor gene expression by the GnRH agonist triptorelin, estradiol, and progesterone in the gonadotroph-derived cell line alphaT3-1. Endocrine. 2006 Aug;30(1):139-44.
Ref 528769J Med Chem. 2007 May 3;50(9):2067-77. Epub 2007 Apr 3.Structure-activity relationship studies of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists containing S-aryl/alkyl norcysteines and their oxidized derivatives.
Ref 528803Antide (Nal-Lys GnRH antagonist) suppression of pituitary-testicular function and sexual behavior in group-living rhesus monkeys. Physiol Behav. 1991 Aug;50(2):429-35.
Ref 529377Amiloride derivatives and a nonpeptidic antagonist bind at two distinct allosteric sites in the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 2008 Jun;73(6):1808-15.
Ref 529431J Med Chem. 2008 Jun 26;51(12):3331-48.Non-peptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonists.
Ref 530791Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 Apr 15;20(8):2512-5. Epub 2010 Mar 3.Synthesis and biological evaluation of piperazinyl heterocyclic antagonists of the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor.
Ref 531030Ozarelix, a fourth generation GnRH antagonist, induces apoptosis in hormone refractory androgen receptor negative prostate cancer cells modulating expression and activity of death receptors. Prostate. 2010 Sep 1;70(12):1340-9.
Ref 533106Elagolix, a novel, orally bioavailable GnRH antagonist under investigation for the treatment of endometriosis-related pain. Womens Health (Lond Engl). 2015 Jan;11(1):19-28.
Ref 533603Physicochemical properties of A-75998, an antagonist of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. J Pharm Sci. 1995 Aug;84(8):953-8.
Ref 534062Effects of the luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) antagonist ramorelix (hoe013) and the LHRH agonist buserelin on dimethylbenz[]anthracene-induced mammary carcinoma: studies with slow-release formulations. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1993;119(8):457-62.
Ref 534464Anal Biochem. 1997 Aug 15;251(1):17-23.Characterization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs based on a sensitive cellular luciferase reporter gene assay.
Ref 534724J Med Chem. 1998 Oct 22;41(22):4190-5.Discovery of a novel, potent, and orally active nonpeptide antagonist of the human luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) receptor.
Ref 536250Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonists for assisted conception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;3:CD001750.
Ref 536360Use of cognitive behavior therapy for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Dec;1092:114-29.
Ref 536439Age attenuates testosterone secretion driven by amplitude-varying pulses of recombinant human luteinizing hormone during acute gonadotrope inhibition in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Sep;92(9):3626-32. Epub 2007 Jun 19.
Ref 536933Discovery of sodium R-(+)-4-{2-[5-(2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2-fluoro-6-[trifluoromethyl]benzyl)-4-methyl-2,6-dioxo-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl]-1-phenylethylamino}butyrate (elagolix), a potent and orally available nonpeptide antagonist of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. J Med Chem. 2008 Dec 11;51(23):7478-85.
Ref 537095Reversible downregulation of endocrine and germinative testicular function (hormonal castration) in the dog with the GnRH-agonist azagly-nafarelin as a removable implant "Gonazon"; a preclinical trial. Theriogenology. 2009 Apr 15;71(7):1037-45. Epub 2009 Feb 23.
Ref 537161Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs induce apoptosis by extrinsic pathway involving p53 phosphorylation in primary cell cultures of human prostatic adenocarcinomas. Prostate. 2009 Jul 1;69(10):1025-33.
Ref 543648(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Target id: 256).
Ref 545436Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003256)
Ref 549125Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800032657)
Ref 550310Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of Avarx.
Ref 551717Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of Takeda (2009).
Ref 556264Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.

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